1
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Welcome back to <i>500 Nations.</i>
I'm Kevin Costner.

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For a lot of us, the most vivid picture
of the Indian world has come from movies...

3
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...screen heroes fighting
armies of hostile Indians.

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The tide has changed
in moviemaking, thankfully...

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...but the image of Indian warriors riding
across the Great Plains...

6
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...still remains the universal symbol
of all American Indians.

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Yet even with this vivid image,
we know little about the people...

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...and the legendary individuals
who led them.

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Men who fought and sacrificed everything
for their nations.

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In this hour, we'll see the people
of the Plains in a different light.

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But first, we'll travel farther west...

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...to a place where hundreds of thousands
of Indian people...

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...lived in one of the most beautiful
and peaceful regions of the continent:

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California.

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Welcome to part seven of <i>500 Nations:</i>

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"Struggle for the West."

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<i>Three hundred thousand people lived</i>
<i>in the diverse environments of California.</i>

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<i>They spoke 80 languages...</i>

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<i>...worked, worshiped and raised children</i>
<i>on lands occupied by their ancestors...</i>

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<i>...since before the dawn</i>
<i>of European civilization.</i>

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<i>Many California nations had evolved</i>
<i>into highly structured societies.</i>

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<i>Among them, one of the largest,</i>
<i>was the Chumash...</i>

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<i>...living on the coastal islands</i>
<i>and along the coast...</i>

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<i>...in the area of present-day</i>
<i>Santa Barbara.</i>

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<i>Large Chumash towns...</i>

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<i>...supported a professional class</i>
<i>of astrologers, priests...</i>

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<i>...government leaders and healers.</i>

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<i>Workers belonged to centuries-old</i>
<i>craft guilds of basket- and canoe-makers.</i>

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<i>Workers also manufactured the flat shell</i>
<i>beads that were the currency of the region.</i>

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<i>Production and control of the money supply</i>
<i>placed the Chumash nation...</i>

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<i>...at the center of</i>
<i>the Southern California economy.</i>

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<i>In the late 18th Century...</i>

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<i>...this complex world</i>
<i>of the ancient Chumash...</i>

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<i>...and their coastal neighbors</i>
<i>would be changed forever.</i>

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<i>In 1772, Spanish missionaries...</i>

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<i>...led by Father Jun�pero Serra,</i>
<i>arrived in Chumash territory.</i>

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"Believe me, when I saw
their general behavior...

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...their pleasing ways
and engaging manners...

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...my heart was broken to think
that they were still deprived...

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...of the light of the Holy Gospel."

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Father Jun�pero Serra,
Spanish missionary.

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<i>Ignoring the beauty and complexity</i>
<i>of Chumash society...</i>

43
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<i>...the Spanish set out to convert them</i>
<i>to Christianity...</i>

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<i>...by whatever means necessary.</i>

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"I and two of my relatives went
down to the beach to catch clams.

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We saw two men on horseback
coming rapidly towards us.

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My relatives were afraid.

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They fled with all speed.

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It was too late.

50
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They overtook me and lassoed...

51
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...and dragged me for a long distance...

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...their horses running.

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When we arrived at the mission...

54
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...they locked me in a room for a week.

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The father told me that he would
make me a Christian.

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One day, they threw water on my head...

57
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...and gave me salt to eat,
and with this...

58
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...the interpreter told me
that now I was Christian...

59
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...that I was called Jesus."

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The building up of the mission
into a coerced labor force...

61
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...didn't happen overnight.
It was gradual, but eventually...

62
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...they forced Indians to remove from their
free way of life in their home villages...

63
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...and to be reduced to one central
mission site to be controlled.

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Once a family was taken
into the missions...

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...the missionaries separated children
from their parents.

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All the little boys and little girls at age of 6
were locked up in children's barracks.

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So it was work, religion and work
all day long.

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Highly structured, highly supervised.

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<i>Indian people were put to work</i>
<i>tanning, blacksmithing...</i>

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<i>...and caring for the mission herds.</i>

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<i>They made candles, bricks, tiles...</i>

72
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<i>...shoes, saddles and soap.</i>

73
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<i>Labor was strictly enforced</i>
<i>under the discipline of the lash.</i>

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"And thus, I existed...

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...till I found a way to escape.

76
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But I was tracked.

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They caught me like a fox.

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They lashed me until I lost consciousness.

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For several days,
I could not raise myself...

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...from the floor where they had laid me.

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I still have on my shoulders...

82
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...the marks of the lashes."

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Janitil, Kumeyaay.

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<i>For over 50 years, the mission system...</i>

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<i>...backed by Spanish arms,</i>
<i>exerted control over the California coast...</i>

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<i>...crushing every revolt.</i>

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<i>Inside the missions...</i>

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<i>...disease and harsh living conditions</i>
<i>contributed to a genocidal death rate.</i>

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The average life of a mission Indian
was less than 12 years.

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For children, it was less than six years.

91
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So there was a constant need
to feed this beast with laborers.

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And one of the sad legacies
of the missions of California...

93
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...is that when people go to them today,
they don't think about Indians.

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They say the padres built the missions.
That's nonsense.

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The California Indians built the missions.

96
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<i>At the Santa Barbara mission alone...</i>

97
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<i>...over 4000 Chumash names</i>
<i>filled the burial registry...</i>

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<i>...their bodies discarded in large pits</i>
<i>near the church.</i>

99
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<i>In 1821...</i>

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<i>...control of California transferred</i>
<i>to Mexico...</i>

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<i>...after it gained its independence</i>
<i>from Spain.</i>

102
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<i>The Mexican government secularized</i>
<i>the missions.</i>

103
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<i>Indian people were free to leave.</i>

104
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<i>But 50 years had completely</i>
<i>transformed their world.</i>

105
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<i>Old villages were gone.</i>

106
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<i>In their places were large Mexican estates.</i>

107
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<i>Even the mission lands</i>
<i>they had worked and lived</i> on...

108
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<i>...became parts of vast private ranches.</i>

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"To stand by and watch these men take
over the missions which we have built...

110
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...the herds we have tended...

111
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...to be exposed incessantly,
together with our families...

112
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...to the worst possible treatment
and even death itself...

113
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...is a tragedy."

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Mission San Luis Rey, neophyte.

115
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<i>Homeless and left with few choices</i>
<i>for survival...</i>

116
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<i>...mission Indians were forced</i>
<i>to exchange one master for another...</i>

117
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<i>...becoming peasant workers</i>
<i>on the</i> rancher�as.

118
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"Many of the rich men of the country...

119
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...had from 20 to 60 Indian servants
whom they dressed and fed.

120
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Our friendly Indians tilled our soil,
pastured our cattle...

121
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...cut our lumber, built our houses,
made tiles for our homes...

122
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...ground our grains, slaughtered our cattle,
dressed their hides for market...

123
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...while the Indian women
made excellent servants...

124
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...took good care of our children,
made every one of our meals."

125
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Salvador vallejo, Mexican landowner.

126
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<i>In 1848, after the</i>
<i>Mexican-American War...</i>

127
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<i>...California passed from Mexican</i>
<i>to American hands.</i>

128
00:10:41,321 --> 00:10:44,620
<i>Soon after, gold was discovered</i>
<i>in the north...</i>

129
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<i>...bringing a rush of miners</i>
<i>onto the lands of interior nations...</i>

130
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<i>...who had been out of the reach</i>
<i>of coastal missions and Mexican ranches.</i>

131
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"The majority of tribes are kept in constant
fear on account of the indiscriminate...

132
00:11:02,875 --> 00:11:05,867
...and inhuman massacre of their people.

133
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They have become alarmed
by the increased flood of immigration...

134
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...much spread over their country.

135
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It is just incomprehensible to them."

136
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Adam Johnson, Indian agent.

137
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<i>Miners came into Indian communities</i>
<i>looking for women.</i>

138
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<i>Vigilante parties opened fire on men,</i>
<i>women and children...</i>

139
00:11:32,772 --> 00:11:35,832
<i>...wiping out entire villages.</i>

140
00:11:36,075 --> 00:11:38,509
<i>It was open season on Indian people...</i>

141
00:11:38,678 --> 00:11:41,203
<i>...derisively referred to as "diggers."</i>

142
00:11:45,818 --> 00:11:48,116
<i>The Humboldt Times,</i> Eureka, April 11.

143
00:11:48,287 --> 00:11:51,017
Headline, "Good Haul of Diggers.

144
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One White Man Killed.

145
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Thirty-Eight Bucks Killed.

146
00:11:54,694 --> 00:11:58,027
Forty Squaws and Children Taken."

147
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January 17th. Headline:

148
00:12:02,769 --> 00:12:05,169
"Good Haul of Diggers.

149
00:12:05,338 --> 00:12:08,171
Band Exterminated."

150
00:12:11,744 --> 00:12:13,041
<i>In the 1850s...</i>

151
00:12:13,212 --> 00:12:16,079
<i>...while the American nation</i>
<i>was on the verge of civil war...</i>

152
00:12:16,249 --> 00:12:18,183
<i>...over the issue of slavery...</i>

153
00:12:18,351 --> 00:12:22,219
<i>...demand for agricultural labor</i>
<i>in California was so high...</i>

154
00:12:22,388 --> 00:12:24,652
<i>...that the state legislature</i>
<i>passed an act...</i>

155
00:12:24,824 --> 00:12:28,089
<i>...legalizing Indian slavery.</i>

156
00:12:28,761 --> 00:12:30,695
"A company of United States troops...

157
00:12:30,863 --> 00:12:33,991
...attended by a considerable
volunteer force...

158
00:12:34,167 --> 00:12:38,627
...has been pursuing the poor creatures
from one retreat to another.

159
00:12:39,072 --> 00:12:42,940
The kidnappers follow at the heels
of the soldiers to seize the children...

160
00:12:43,109 --> 00:12:47,546
...when their parents are murdered
and sell them to the best advantage."

161
00:12:47,713 --> 00:12:51,046
W.P. Dole, Indian agent.

162
00:12:51,551 --> 00:12:56,750
<i>Only 30,000 native Californians</i>
<i>survived the gold rush...</i>

163
00:12:57,290 --> 00:13:01,954
<i>...10 percent of what had been</i>
<i>the most densely populated Indian area...</i>

164
00:13:02,128 --> 00:13:04,596
<i>...north of Mexico.</i>

165
00:13:13,406 --> 00:13:15,897
"Upon my last visit to ventura...

166
00:13:16,075 --> 00:13:19,511
...I saw the last of the ventura Indians.

167
00:13:19,679 --> 00:13:23,775
They were living in a tiny hut
east of the mouth of the river.

168
00:13:24,283 --> 00:13:26,581
One of the old men told me...

169
00:13:26,752 --> 00:13:31,689
...they were very glad that I was
not ashamed to talk the Indian language.

170
00:13:31,858 --> 00:13:34,383
They told me to continue
in the use of it...

171
00:13:34,560 --> 00:13:36,460
...and keep the beliefs.

172
00:13:36,629 --> 00:13:40,929
If I did so, I would live a long time."

173
00:13:41,167 --> 00:13:44,534
Fernando Librado, Chumash.

174
00:13:47,039 --> 00:13:52,477
<i>Fernando Librado lived</i>
<i>to be 111 years old.</i>

175
00:13:55,882 --> 00:13:59,511
"I once went over to Donaciana's house.

176
00:13:59,685 --> 00:14:02,848
I wanted to learn the Swordfish Dance.

177
00:14:03,022 --> 00:14:07,982
After the meal, I asked her to teach me
the old dances, saying:

178
00:14:08,161 --> 00:14:12,655
'For you are the only ones left
who know the old dances.'

179
00:14:13,399 --> 00:14:16,300
Donaciana began to cry...

180
00:14:16,602 --> 00:14:19,799
...and I left, saying nothing more."

181
00:14:20,573 --> 00:14:24,532
Fernando Librado, Chumash.

182
00:14:37,223 --> 00:14:39,088
<i>For thousands of years...</i>

183
00:14:39,258 --> 00:14:42,352
<i>...the buffalo thundered</i>
<i>across the Great Plains...</i>

184
00:14:42,528 --> 00:14:44,553
<i>...a vast sea of grassland...</i>

185
00:14:44,730 --> 00:14:48,598
<i>...rising from the Mississippi River</i>
<i>to the Rocky Mountains.</i>

186
00:14:51,504 --> 00:14:56,806
<i>Living off the herds were a scattering</i>
<i>of nomadic Indian nations.</i>

187
00:14:58,110 --> 00:15:01,477
"My grandmother told me
that when she was young...

188
00:15:01,647 --> 00:15:04,878
...the people themselves had to walk.

189
00:15:05,952 --> 00:15:10,651
In those times,
they did not travel far nor often."

190
00:15:11,257 --> 00:15:16,695
<i>In 1680, the Spanish were driven out</i>
<i>of the Southwest by the Pueblo nations.</i>

191
00:15:16,862 --> 00:15:20,263
<i>As they fled, they left behind</i>
<i>their horse herds...</i>

192
00:15:20,433 --> 00:15:23,869
<i>...an animal that would change</i>
<i>the way of life for Indian nations...</i>

193
00:15:24,036 --> 00:15:26,504
<i>...across the continent.</i>

194
00:15:26,906 --> 00:15:31,741
"When they got horses, they could move
more easily from place to place.

195
00:15:31,911 --> 00:15:35,711
Then they could kill more of the buffalo
and other animals.

196
00:15:35,881 --> 00:15:39,749
And so they got more meat for food
and gathered more skins...

197
00:15:39,919 --> 00:15:42,183
...for lodges and clothing."

198
00:15:42,355 --> 00:15:45,381
Iron Teeth, Cheyenne.

199
00:15:46,359 --> 00:15:48,190
<i>A new culture developed...</i>

200
00:15:48,361 --> 00:15:52,354
<i>...based on the relationship</i>
<i>between man and horse.</i>

201
00:15:54,333 --> 00:15:55,925
"My horse fights with me...

202
00:15:56,102 --> 00:15:58,297
...and he fasts with me...

203
00:15:58,471 --> 00:16:01,031
...because if he is to carry me
into battle...

204
00:16:01,207 --> 00:16:04,472
...he must know my heart,
and I must know his...

205
00:16:04,644 --> 00:16:07,204
...or we shall never become brothers.

206
00:16:08,214 --> 00:16:10,182
I've been told that the white man...

207
00:16:10,349 --> 00:16:13,910
...who's almost a god,
and yet a great fool...

208
00:16:14,086 --> 00:16:17,817
...does not believe that the horse
has a spirit.

209
00:16:18,124 --> 00:16:20,024
This cannot be true.

210
00:16:20,192 --> 00:16:23,355
I have many times seen my horse's soul...

211
00:16:23,529 --> 00:16:25,622
...in his eyes."

212
00:16:25,798 --> 00:16:29,165
Plenty Coups, Crow.

213
00:16:29,468 --> 00:16:31,060
<i>With the coming of the horse...</i>

214
00:16:31,237 --> 00:16:34,263
<i>...the nations of the Plains</i>
<i>would become legendary:</i>

215
00:16:34,440 --> 00:16:38,934
<i>The Crow, Cheyenne, Sioux, Blackfeet...</i>

216
00:16:39,111 --> 00:16:44,242
<i>...Arapaho, Pawnee, Kiowa, Comanche.</i>

217
00:16:44,417 --> 00:16:48,581
<i>And for generations,</i>
<i>their way of life flourished.</i>

218
00:16:50,489 --> 00:16:52,457
<i>Then, in 1858...</i>

219
00:16:52,625 --> 00:16:56,721
<i>...gold was discovered</i>
<i>at Pike's Peak, Colorado.</i>

220
00:16:57,129 --> 00:16:58,357
<i>Four years later...</i>

221
00:16:58,531 --> 00:17:02,831
<i>...the Homestead Act opened the region</i>
<i>to white settlement.</i>

222
00:17:03,002 --> 00:17:06,768
<i>Almost instantly,</i>
<i>the invasion became a flood.</i>

223
00:17:06,939 --> 00:17:08,372
<i>In one year alone...</i>

224
00:17:08,541 --> 00:17:13,569
<i>...100,000 emigrants swarmed</i>
<i>across the Plains over two main roads...</i>

225
00:17:13,746 --> 00:17:17,375
<i>...spreading a wide swath of destruction.</i>

226
00:17:19,218 --> 00:17:21,652
<i>To protect travel on the emigrant roads...</i>

227
00:17:21,821 --> 00:17:25,450
<i>...the United States erected a network</i>
<i>of forts across the Plains...</i>

228
00:17:25,624 --> 00:17:31,062
<i>...and churned out cadets at West Point</i>
<i>specially trained for Indian warfare.</i>

229
00:17:31,230 --> 00:17:32,697
<i>It was the Army's mission...</i>

230
00:17:32,865 --> 00:17:36,460
<i>...to force mobile nations</i>
<i>who hunted over large territories...</i>

231
00:17:36,635 --> 00:17:39,001
<i>...onto confined areas:</i>

232
00:17:39,171 --> 00:17:41,435
<i>Reservations.</i>

233
00:17:42,375 --> 00:17:45,902
<i>Indian people were faced</i>
<i>with only two options:</i>

234
00:17:46,078 --> 00:17:49,275
<i>To give up their homelands</i>
<i>and way of life...</i>

235
00:17:49,448 --> 00:17:52,542
<i>...or fight the American Army.</i>

236
00:17:53,886 --> 00:17:58,084
<i>Although some chose armed resistance,</i>
<i>many Indian leaders...</i>

237
00:17:58,257 --> 00:18:03,194
<i>...responsible for the protection of large</i>
<i>villages of women, children and elderly...</i>

238
00:18:03,362 --> 00:18:06,229
<i>...saw little hope in fighting.</i>

239
00:18:07,299 --> 00:18:10,234
<i>Among these were two Cheyenne leaders:</i>

240
00:18:10,403 --> 00:18:13,338
<i>Black Kettle and White Antelope.</i>

241
00:18:13,506 --> 00:18:16,873
<i>They were willing to give up lands</i>
<i>to maintain peace...</i>

242
00:18:17,042 --> 00:18:21,536
<i>...and bring their people safely</i>
<i>through the dangerous era.</i>

243
00:18:30,489 --> 00:18:33,049
White Antelope and Black Kettle...

244
00:18:33,826 --> 00:18:36,727
...had a duty to their people
to try to protect them.

245
00:18:38,731 --> 00:18:42,861
And to do this,
they had to maintain peace.

246
00:18:43,836 --> 00:18:46,168
So they felt that it was their duty
to go out...

247
00:18:46,338 --> 00:18:49,000
...and make peace with the United States,
so they did.

248
00:18:50,576 --> 00:18:52,567
<i>Black Kettle and White Antelope...</i>

249
00:18:52,745 --> 00:18:57,808
<i>...ceded vast Cheyenne lands</i>
<i>to the United States in 1861...</i>

250
00:18:57,983 --> 00:19:01,077
<i>...and agreed to confine themselves</i>
<i>to a reservation...</i>

251
00:19:01,253 --> 00:19:04,620
<i>...in exchange for protection</i>
<i>from soldiers and settlers...</i>

252
00:19:04,790 --> 00:19:09,853
<i>...and assistance of food and money</i>
<i>to replace lost hunting lands.</i>

253
00:19:10,729 --> 00:19:15,325
<i>They then traveled to Washington</i>
<i>to meet with President Lincoln.</i>

254
00:19:15,701 --> 00:19:19,637
<i>Lincoln presented Black Kettle</i>
<i>with a large American flag...</i>

255
00:19:19,805 --> 00:19:23,673
<i>...and White Antelope</i>
<i>with a Medal of Peace.</i>

256
00:19:25,778 --> 00:19:27,575
<i>But over the next three years...</i>

257
00:19:27,746 --> 00:19:29,737
<i>...continued unrest on the Plains...</i>

258
00:19:29,915 --> 00:19:33,282
<i>...fanned rumors of an impending</i>
<i>Indian war.</i>

259
00:19:34,954 --> 00:19:39,414
<i>In Denver, Governor John Evans</i>
<i>inflamed public opinion...</i>

260
00:19:39,592 --> 00:19:42,618
<i>...by fabricating stories</i>
<i>of Cheyenne hostilities...</i>

261
00:19:42,795 --> 00:19:47,357
<i>...and encouraged civilians</i>
<i>to take up arms against them.</i>

262
00:19:48,267 --> 00:19:50,895
<i>Seeking protection</i>
<i>for their peaceful bands...</i>

263
00:19:51,070 --> 00:19:54,528
<i>...Black Kettle and White Antelope</i>
<i>undertook the dangerous trip...</i>

264
00:19:54,707 --> 00:19:58,370
<i>...to Denver to meet with Governor Evans.</i>

265
00:20:00,079 --> 00:20:01,706
"All we ask...

266
00:20:01,881 --> 00:20:05,317
...is that we may have peace
with the whites.

267
00:20:05,518 --> 00:20:09,579
I want you to give all the chiefs
of the soldiers here...

268
00:20:09,755 --> 00:20:13,486
...to understand that we are for peace...

269
00:20:13,659 --> 00:20:16,287
...and that we have made peace...

270
00:20:16,462 --> 00:20:21,195
...that we may not be mistaken
by them for enemies."

271
00:20:21,367 --> 00:20:25,235
Black Kettle, Southern Cheyenne.

272
00:20:26,572 --> 00:20:30,440
<i>Black Kettle and White Antelope</i>
<i>were promised safety for their people...</i>

273
00:20:30,609 --> 00:20:34,807
<i>...if they camped near Fort Lyon</i>
<i>in southern Colorado.</i>

274
00:20:36,015 --> 00:20:38,506
<i>But the military commander of Colorado...</i>

275
00:20:38,684 --> 00:20:40,242
<i>...Colonel John Chivington...</i>

276
00:20:40,419 --> 00:20:44,788
<i>...had no plans for peace</i>
<i>with any Indian people.</i>

277
00:20:44,957 --> 00:20:48,688
"Damn any man who sympathizes
with Indians.

278
00:20:48,861 --> 00:20:50,761
I have come to kill Indians...

279
00:20:50,930 --> 00:20:53,296
...and believe it is right and honorable...

280
00:20:53,465 --> 00:20:56,195
...to use any means under God's heaven...

281
00:20:56,368 --> 00:20:58,131
...to kill them."

282
00:20:58,304 --> 00:21:00,499
Colonel John Chivington.

283
00:21:01,707 --> 00:21:04,835
<i>Black Kettle and White Antelope</i>
<i>had been told where to camp...</i>

284
00:21:06,412 --> 00:21:09,506
<i>...and that they had nothing to fear</i>
<i>from the U.S. Army.</i>

285
00:21:10,416 --> 00:21:12,111
Why would they worry?

286
00:21:12,284 --> 00:21:15,879
They were under the protection
of the American flag.

287
00:21:16,055 --> 00:21:19,422
They were under the protection...

288
00:21:19,992 --> 00:21:23,860
...of the international peace sign,
the white flag.

289
00:21:25,164 --> 00:21:29,464
<i>At dawn on November 29, 1864...</i>

290
00:21:29,635 --> 00:21:33,196
<i>...Chivington's Colorado Volunteers</i>
<i>rode through the snow...</i>

291
00:21:33,372 --> 00:21:38,901
<i>...toward Black Kettle and White Antelope's</i>
<i>sleeping camp at Sand Creek.</i>

292
00:21:39,244 --> 00:21:41,439
Two women were out picking up wood...

293
00:21:42,848 --> 00:21:45,942
...when they seen what they thought
was buffalo. But it wasn't.

294
00:21:46,118 --> 00:21:50,214
They threw down their sticks and started
screaming and running towards the camp.

295
00:21:50,589 --> 00:21:53,581
<i>Cheyenne George Bent</i>
<i>was startled awake.</i>

296
00:21:54,793 --> 00:21:59,321
"I heard shouts and the noise of people
running about the camp.

297
00:21:59,698 --> 00:22:01,632
I jumped up and ran out of my lodge.

298
00:22:03,268 --> 00:22:07,728
From down the creek, a large body of troops
was advancing at a rapid trot.

299
00:22:12,678 --> 00:22:14,805
I looked toward the chief's lodge...

300
00:22:14,980 --> 00:22:16,572
...and saw Black Kettle...

301
00:22:16,749 --> 00:22:20,378
...had a large American flag tied
to the end of a long lodge pole...

302
00:22:20,919 --> 00:22:24,753
...and was standing in front of his lodge
holding the pole."

303
00:22:25,758 --> 00:22:28,750
Chief Black Kettle, he was out in front
protecting his people...

304
00:22:28,927 --> 00:22:31,691
...to show them that he wasn't afraid.

305
00:22:31,864 --> 00:22:35,561
And he was trying to tell them
that we made peace. "We're at peace."

306
00:22:36,769 --> 00:22:41,069
"Then the troops opened fire
from two sides of the camps.

307
00:22:41,774 --> 00:22:45,540
The women and children
were screaming and wailing...

308
00:22:47,046 --> 00:22:49,571
...the men, running to their lodges
for their arms...

309
00:22:49,748 --> 00:22:53,707
...and shouting advice and directions
to one another.

310
00:22:54,453 --> 00:22:57,183
White Antelope saw the soldiers
shooting the people...

311
00:22:58,257 --> 00:23:01,385
...and he did not wish to live any longer."

312
00:23:04,063 --> 00:23:06,293
My great-great-grandfather,
White Antelope...

313
00:23:06,465 --> 00:23:08,399
...he felt heartbreak...

314
00:23:08,567 --> 00:23:10,626
...that another treaty had been broken.

315
00:23:10,803 --> 00:23:14,967
The peace that they had been seeking
for a long time had been shattered...

316
00:23:15,140 --> 00:23:16,801
...had been broken.

317
00:23:17,576 --> 00:23:20,170
"White Antelope stood
in front of his lodge...

318
00:23:20,345 --> 00:23:22,745
...with his arms folded
across his breast...

319
00:23:22,915 --> 00:23:25,315
...singing the death song."

320
00:23:25,984 --> 00:23:27,747
And he cried.

321
00:23:29,455 --> 00:23:31,616
He sung his song:

322
00:23:31,790 --> 00:23:34,418
"Nothing lives long." He raised his arms.

323
00:23:34,593 --> 00:23:39,292
"Nothing lives long but the earth
and the mountains."

324
00:23:40,933 --> 00:23:42,161
<i>White Antelope...</i>

325
00:23:42,334 --> 00:23:45,565
<i>...wearing the peace medal given him</i>
<i>by President Lincoln...</i>

326
00:23:45,738 --> 00:23:49,230
<i>...was shot dead in front of his lodge.</i>

327
00:23:50,576 --> 00:23:53,545
<i>Black Kettle and his wife</i>
<i>ran toward the creek bed...</i>

328
00:23:53,712 --> 00:23:57,614
<i>...where people were desperately digging</i>
<i>into the sand for protection.</i>

329
00:23:57,783 --> 00:23:59,307
<i>Before they could reach</i> it...

330
00:23:59,485 --> 00:24:02,010
<i>...Black Kettle's wife was shot.</i>

331
00:24:03,288 --> 00:24:07,054
<i>Believing her dead,</i>
<i>he ran on without her.</i>

332
00:24:07,493 --> 00:24:10,189
"Most of us who were hiding in the pits
had been wounded...

333
00:24:10,362 --> 00:24:12,227
...before we could reach the shelter.

334
00:24:13,298 --> 00:24:15,698
And there we lay all that bitter cold day...

335
00:24:15,868 --> 00:24:18,996
...from early in the morning
until almost dark...

336
00:24:19,238 --> 00:24:24,608
...with the soldiers all around us
keeping up a heavy fire most of the time.

337
00:24:25,844 --> 00:24:29,245
They finally withdrew about 5:00.

338
00:24:29,414 --> 00:24:34,113
As they retired down the creek,
they killed all the wounded they could find.

339
00:24:36,688 --> 00:24:38,417
That night will never be forgotten...

340
00:24:38,590 --> 00:24:41,957
...as long as any of us
who went through it are alive.

341
00:24:43,028 --> 00:24:45,292
Many who had lost wives...

342
00:24:45,464 --> 00:24:50,299
...husbands and children or friends...

343
00:24:50,469 --> 00:24:52,699
...went back down the creek...

344
00:24:52,871 --> 00:24:55,396
...and crept over the battleground
among the naked...

345
00:24:55,574 --> 00:24:58,668
...and mutilated bodies of the dead.

346
00:24:59,077 --> 00:25:01,068
Few were found alive...

347
00:25:01,246 --> 00:25:04,875
...for the soldiers had done
their work thoroughly."

348
00:25:05,117 --> 00:25:09,520
George Bent, Southern Cheyenne.

349
00:25:11,223 --> 00:25:15,626
<i>Over 500 Southern Cheyenne people died.</i>

350
00:25:17,129 --> 00:25:18,892
<i>Black Kettle found his wife...</i>

351
00:25:19,064 --> 00:25:21,624
<i>...with nine bullet wounds in her body.</i>

352
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:23,165
<i>But miraculously...</i>

353
00:25:23,335 --> 00:25:25,360
<i>...she was alive.</i>

354
00:25:27,539 --> 00:25:30,770
<i>The survivors straggled</i>
<i>into another Cheyenne camp...</i>

355
00:25:30,943 --> 00:25:36,210
<i>...while Chivington returned to Denver</i>
<i>with over 100 Cheyenne scalps.</i>

356
00:25:40,185 --> 00:25:42,745
My people were massacred.

357
00:25:43,622 --> 00:25:45,590
Terrible thing.

358
00:25:46,191 --> 00:25:50,127
Their spirits are still there
at the massacre site.

359
00:25:51,330 --> 00:25:53,992
They'll never rest.

360
00:25:56,468 --> 00:25:58,299
<i>Despite his loss...</i>

361
00:25:58,470 --> 00:26:02,270
<i>...Black Kettle saw no hope in resistance.</i>

362
00:26:02,941 --> 00:26:04,670
<i>In 1868...</i>

363
00:26:04,843 --> 00:26:08,006
<i>...his beleaguered band was camped along</i>
<i>the Washita River...</i>

364
00:26:08,180 --> 00:26:10,705
<i>...on a government reservation.</i>

365
00:26:11,617 --> 00:26:15,348
<i>At dawn on November 27, 1868...</i>

366
00:26:15,520 --> 00:26:20,389
<i>...almost four years to the day</i>
<i>after the Sand Creek massacre...</i>

367
00:26:20,559 --> 00:26:25,428
<i>...U.S. Army troops, under the command</i>
<i>of George Armstrong Custer...</i>

368
00:26:25,597 --> 00:26:28,361
<i>...attacked the sleeping village.</i>

369
00:26:29,067 --> 00:26:31,035
<i>Black Kettle, his wife...</i>

370
00:26:31,203 --> 00:26:35,139
<i>...and over 100 of his people were killed.</i>

371
00:26:36,608 --> 00:26:39,406
<i>The Cheyenne leader's quest for peace...</i>

372
00:26:39,578 --> 00:26:42,979
<i>...had come to a final, bitter end...</i>

373
00:26:43,582 --> 00:26:46,551
<i>...costing him his lands, his freedom...</i>

374
00:26:46,718 --> 00:26:52,418
<i>...and the lives of the people</i>
<i>he had tried so desperately to protect.</i>

375
00:27:09,441 --> 00:27:12,035
"I was born upon the prairie...

376
00:27:12,210 --> 00:27:14,974
...where the wind blew free,
and there was nothing...

377
00:27:15,147 --> 00:27:18,048
...to break the light of the sun.

378
00:27:19,251 --> 00:27:23,085
The white man has the country
which we loved.

379
00:27:23,588 --> 00:27:26,284
We only wish to wander on the prairie...

380
00:27:26,458 --> 00:27:28,824
...until we die."

381
00:27:29,461 --> 00:27:31,622
Ten Bears.

382
00:27:32,698 --> 00:27:34,188
<i>South of the Cheyenne...</i>

383
00:27:34,366 --> 00:27:37,267
<i>...the Goi'gu, or Kiowa nation...</i>

384
00:27:37,436 --> 00:27:40,530
<i>...lived on lands including parts</i>
<i>of present-day Texas...</i>

385
00:27:40,706 --> 00:27:43,368
<i>...Oklahoma and Kansas.</i>

386
00:27:43,542 --> 00:27:46,010
<i>They were also being pushed</i>
<i>onto reservations...</i>

387
00:27:46,178 --> 00:27:49,477
<i>...by treaties and the United States Army.</i>

388
00:27:50,716 --> 00:27:53,184
<i>But the message of</i>
<i>Black Kettle's betrayal...</i>

389
00:27:53,352 --> 00:27:56,344
<i>...resounded across the Plains.</i>

390
00:27:58,090 --> 00:27:59,580
"The good Indian...

391
00:27:59,758 --> 00:28:03,319
...he that listens to the white man,
gets nothing.

392
00:28:04,096 --> 00:28:05,461
The independent Indian...

393
00:28:05,630 --> 00:28:08,292
...is the only one that is rewarded."

394
00:28:08,467 --> 00:28:11,800
Satanta, Kiowa.

395
00:28:12,404 --> 00:28:14,565
<i>To many, the only path open...</i>

396
00:28:14,740 --> 00:28:17,004
<i>...was armed resistance.</i>

397
00:28:17,175 --> 00:28:18,665
<i>A growing number of Kiowa...</i>

398
00:28:18,844 --> 00:28:21,677
<i>...rallied behind</i>
<i>an uncompromising leader:</i>

399
00:28:21,847 --> 00:28:24,077
<i>Satanta.</i>

400
00:28:24,349 --> 00:28:27,648
"A long time ago, this land belonged
to our fathers.

401
00:28:27,819 --> 00:28:32,085
But when I go down to the rivers,
I see camps of soldiers on its banks.

402
00:28:32,257 --> 00:28:34,748
These soldiers cut down my timber...

403
00:28:34,926 --> 00:28:36,757
...kill my buffalo...

404
00:28:36,928 --> 00:28:40,989
...and when I see that,
my heart feels like bursting."

405
00:28:41,500 --> 00:28:45,197
Satanta, Kiowa.

406
00:28:45,737 --> 00:28:50,902
<i>Satanta was a deepening thorn</i>
<i>in the War Department's side.</i>

407
00:28:51,443 --> 00:28:53,001
<i>In 1871...</i>

408
00:28:53,178 --> 00:28:55,976
<i>...after leading a raid</i>
<i>on a mule train in Texas...</i>

409
00:28:56,148 --> 00:28:59,345
<i>...he was brought</i>
<i>before General Sherman.</i>

410
00:29:00,752 --> 00:29:05,553
<i>Satanta defiantly accepted responsibility</i>
<i>for the raid.</i>

411
00:29:07,025 --> 00:29:11,257
"I led about 100 men to Texas
to teach them to fight.

412
00:29:12,064 --> 00:29:14,191
This is our country.

413
00:29:14,366 --> 00:29:16,163
We have always lived in it.

414
00:29:16,334 --> 00:29:17,892
We were happy.

415
00:29:18,070 --> 00:29:20,231
Then you came.

416
00:29:20,439 --> 00:29:21,963
We have to protect ourselves.

417
00:29:22,140 --> 00:29:24,074
We have to save our country.

418
00:29:24,242 --> 00:29:27,439
We have to fight for what is ours."

419
00:29:28,480 --> 00:29:31,313
<i>Satanta was placed under arrest...</i>

420
00:29:31,483 --> 00:29:35,613
<i>...shackled and held in the crawlspace</i>
<i>below a Fort Sill barracks...</i>

421
00:29:35,787 --> 00:29:37,982
<i>...for 12 days.</i>

422
00:29:39,357 --> 00:29:42,520
<i>Finally, he was taken to Texas for trial.</i>

423
00:29:42,694 --> 00:29:45,390
<i>There, he was imprisoned.</i>

424
00:29:46,598 --> 00:29:51,001
<i>It would be two years before the Kiowa</i>
<i>nation was able to barter his release...</i>

425
00:29:51,169 --> 00:29:54,661
<i>...by surrendering their guns and horses.</i>

426
00:29:56,775 --> 00:30:02,077
<i>When Satanta returned to the reservation</i>
<i>where his people were confined...</i>

427
00:30:02,247 --> 00:30:05,045
<i>...he found that the money,</i>
<i>food and supplies...</i>

428
00:30:05,217 --> 00:30:08,152
<i>...promised by the government</i>
<i>as payment for their lands...</i>

429
00:30:08,320 --> 00:30:10,151
<i>...had not come through.</i>

430
00:30:10,322 --> 00:30:12,449
<i>And the lifeblood of the nation...</i>

431
00:30:12,624 --> 00:30:16,116
<i>...the buffalo, were fast disappearing.</i>

432
00:30:18,296 --> 00:30:20,560
Everything the Kiowas had...

433
00:30:20,732 --> 00:30:22,962
...came from the buffalo.

434
00:30:24,970 --> 00:30:28,064
Our tepees were made of buffalo hides.

435
00:30:28,907 --> 00:30:32,673
So were our clothes and moccasins.

436
00:30:35,013 --> 00:30:37,811
We ate buffalo meat.

437
00:30:40,185 --> 00:30:44,952
The buffalo were the life of the Kiowas.

438
00:30:47,058 --> 00:30:48,582
<i>The U.S. Recognized...</i>

439
00:30:48,760 --> 00:30:52,958
<i>...that without the buffalo,</i>
<i>the Plains nations could not survive...</i>

440
00:30:53,131 --> 00:30:56,589
<i>...and would have little choice</i>
<i>but to remain on reservations...</i>

441
00:30:56,768 --> 00:31:00,260
<i>...and live off the meager</i>
<i>government rations.</i>

442
00:31:02,374 --> 00:31:07,175
<i>White buffalo hunters with high-powered</i>
<i>Sharps rifles were encouraged</i> in...

443
00:31:07,345 --> 00:31:09,870
<i>...and the slaughter began.</i>

444
00:31:21,793 --> 00:31:26,890
"Has the white man become a child
that he should recklessly kill and not eat?

445
00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:30,700
When the Kiowa slay game...

446
00:31:30,869 --> 00:31:34,236
...they do so that they may live
and not starve."

447
00:31:34,406 --> 00:31:37,534
Satanta, Kiowa.

448
00:31:37,709 --> 00:31:41,076
<i>The slaughter proceeded</i>
<i>at an astonishing pace.</i>

449
00:31:41,246 --> 00:31:45,012
<i>Thousands of animals were killed</i>
<i>every day.</i>

450
00:31:45,217 --> 00:31:48,880
"The buffalo hunters have done more
to settle the vexed Indian question...

451
00:31:49,054 --> 00:31:52,182
...than the entire regular Army.

452
00:31:52,624 --> 00:31:54,649
For the sake of lasting peace...

453
00:31:54,826 --> 00:32:00,560
...let them kill, skin and sell
until the buffaloes are exterminated."

454
00:32:00,732 --> 00:32:04,133
General Phil Sheridan, U.S. Army.

455
00:32:05,804 --> 00:32:08,136
<i>In a desperate struggle for survival...</i>

456
00:32:08,306 --> 00:32:12,868
<i>...the Southern Plains nations went to war</i>
<i>to save the buffalo.</i>

457
00:32:13,645 --> 00:32:16,045
<i>In the summer of 1874...</i>

458
00:32:16,214 --> 00:32:20,651
<i>...thousands of Indian people</i>
<i>flooded off the reservations.</i>

459
00:32:22,020 --> 00:32:24,215
<i>And in that moment of freedom...</i>

460
00:32:24,389 --> 00:32:27,984
<i>...Satanta and others</i>
<i>led an allied Indian force...</i>

461
00:32:28,159 --> 00:32:33,290
<i>...in an attack on a buffalo hunters' camp</i>
<i>at Adobe Walls, Texas.</i>

462
00:32:34,266 --> 00:32:39,636
<i>But they were no match for the hunters</i>
<i>with their powerful buffalo guns.</i>

463
00:32:41,072 --> 00:32:46,374
<i>Defeat was followed by massive military</i>
<i>expeditions by the United States Army...</i>

464
00:32:46,544 --> 00:32:51,072
<i>...to force the Southern Plains nations</i>
<i>back onto reservations.</i>

465
00:32:52,417 --> 00:32:56,410
<i>In the fall, Satanta was forced</i>
<i>to surrender...</i>

466
00:32:56,588 --> 00:33:00,615
<i>...and was returned to the penitentiary</i>
<i>at Huntsville, Texas.</i>

467
00:33:01,326 --> 00:33:02,850
<i>Later, it was reported...</i>

468
00:33:03,028 --> 00:33:06,964
<i>...that he had committed suicide</i>
<i>by leaping out of a window.</i>

469
00:33:07,399 --> 00:33:10,698
<i>The Kiowa believed he was murdered.</i>

470
00:33:11,236 --> 00:33:12,567
They killed Satanta.

471
00:33:14,139 --> 00:33:16,767
They killed him. He didn't kill himself.

472
00:33:16,941 --> 00:33:18,533
He's too much of a man...

473
00:33:18,710 --> 00:33:21,304
...to do anything like that.
He's too much of a chief.

474
00:33:21,479 --> 00:33:23,777
Chiefs don't do that.

475
00:33:23,948 --> 00:33:26,610
<i>By winter, all Kiowa bands...</i>

476
00:33:26,785 --> 00:33:29,811
<i>...had been forced</i>
<i>back to the reservation.</i>

477
00:33:30,388 --> 00:33:34,415
<i>The following spring, the last</i>
<i>of the Cheyenne surrendered...</i>

478
00:33:34,592 --> 00:33:39,359
<i>...followed soon after</i>
<i>by the last free Comanche.</i>

479
00:33:42,467 --> 00:33:46,369
<i>Determined to break</i>
<i>the Southern Plains nations forever...</i>

480
00:33:46,538 --> 00:33:50,406
<i>...the Army rounded up</i>
<i>10,000 Indian horses.</i>

481
00:33:52,277 --> 00:33:54,575
<i>Almost 1000 were shot...</i>

482
00:33:54,746 --> 00:33:57,772
<i>...the rest sold at auction.</i>

483
00:34:00,885 --> 00:34:05,845
<i>By 1890, the buffalo population</i>
<i>of 50 million had been reduced...</i>

484
00:34:06,024 --> 00:34:08,857
<i>...to fewer than 1000.</i>

485
00:34:09,127 --> 00:34:14,997
<i>The war to save the buffalo</i>
<i>and a way of life had been lost.</i>

486
00:34:18,403 --> 00:34:22,772
The Kiowas were camped
on the north side of Mount Scott...

487
00:34:22,941 --> 00:34:26,707
...those of them who were
still free to camp.

488
00:34:27,579 --> 00:34:32,380
One young woman got up very early
in the morning.

489
00:34:32,550 --> 00:34:36,987
The dawn mist was still rising
from Medicine Creek...

490
00:34:37,922 --> 00:34:40,891
...and as she looked across the water...

491
00:34:41,059 --> 00:34:43,493
...peering through the haze...

492
00:34:43,661 --> 00:34:47,791
...she saw the last buffalo herd appear...

493
00:34:47,966 --> 00:34:50,594
...like a spirit dream.

494
00:34:53,304 --> 00:34:58,936
Straight to Mount Scott,
the leader of the herd walked.

495
00:34:59,110 --> 00:35:03,103
Behind him came the cows
and their calves...

496
00:35:03,281 --> 00:35:07,650
...and the few young males
who had survived.

497
00:35:07,919 --> 00:35:10,683
As the woman watched...

498
00:35:11,022 --> 00:35:15,857
...the face of the mountain opened.

499
00:35:20,131 --> 00:35:22,497
Inside Mount Scott...

500
00:35:22,667 --> 00:35:27,127
...the world was green and fresh...

501
00:35:27,305 --> 00:35:31,469
...as it had been
when she was a small girl.

502
00:35:34,479 --> 00:35:39,382
The rivers ran clear, not red.

503
00:35:40,051 --> 00:35:43,214
The wild plums were in blossom...

504
00:35:43,521 --> 00:35:48,220
...chasing the red buds
up the inside slopes.

505
00:35:49,260 --> 00:35:55,221
Into this world of beauty,
the buffalo walked.

506
00:35:55,834 --> 00:36:00,464
Never to be seen again.

507
00:36:07,178 --> 00:36:11,205
Sometimes at evening, I sit looking out.

508
00:36:11,382 --> 00:36:17,252
The sun sets,
and dust steals over the water.

509
00:36:18,389 --> 00:36:23,588
In the shadows, I seem again
to see our Indian village...

510
00:36:24,195 --> 00:36:28,791
...with smoke curling
upward from the lodges.

511
00:36:29,701 --> 00:36:33,899
And in the river's roar,
I hear the yells of the warriors...

512
00:36:34,072 --> 00:36:38,566
...the laughter of the little children,
as of old.

513
00:36:39,511 --> 00:36:42,776
It is but an old woman's dream.

514
00:36:46,518 --> 00:36:52,252
Again I see but shadows
and hear only the roar of the river.

515
00:36:53,525 --> 00:36:57,962
And tears come into my eyes.

516
00:36:59,764 --> 00:37:02,995
Our Indian life, I know...

517
00:37:03,167 --> 00:37:06,159
...is gone forever.

518
00:37:21,719 --> 00:37:26,782
"What treaty that the whites have kept
has the red man broken?

519
00:37:26,958 --> 00:37:28,391
Not one.

520
00:37:28,560 --> 00:37:33,998
What treaty that the white man
ever made with us have they kept?

521
00:37:34,165 --> 00:37:36,258
Not one."

522
00:37:36,568 --> 00:37:39,799
Sitting Bull, Hunkpapa.

523
00:37:40,805 --> 00:37:43,205
<i>The Northern Plains mirrored the South...</i>

524
00:37:43,374 --> 00:37:47,470
<i>...with Indian nations being driven</i>
<i>onto reservations.</i>

525
00:37:47,712 --> 00:37:51,011
<i>Yet a handful of leaders</i>
<i>refused to sign treaties...</i>

526
00:37:51,182 --> 00:37:55,118
<i>...and were determined to remain free</i>
<i>at any cost.</i>

527
00:37:55,453 --> 00:38:01,358
<i>These defiant leaders became heroes</i>
<i>to Indian people across the Plains.</i>

528
00:38:01,759 --> 00:38:06,355
<i>Among them, two men</i>
<i>from the Sioux nations stood alone:</i>

529
00:38:06,531 --> 00:38:12,197
<i>One was the venerated Hunkpapa</i>
<i>holy man, Sitting Bull.</i>

530
00:38:12,437 --> 00:38:16,931
<i>The other was a young Oglala fighting man</i>
<i>whose fierce military genius...</i>

531
00:38:17,108 --> 00:38:22,045
<i>...struck fear into his enemies</i>
<i>and inspired fervent followers.</i>

532
00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:26,182
<i>His image would never be captured</i>
<i>by photographers or artists...</i>

533
00:38:26,351 --> 00:38:32,312
<i>...but his spirit of pride and resistance</i>
<i>would be carried on by his people.</i>

534
00:38:32,757 --> 00:38:36,056
<i>His name was Crazy Horse.</i>

535
00:38:37,362 --> 00:38:42,163
<i>In the summer of 1876,</i>
<i>thousands of Cheyenne, Arapaho...</i>

536
00:38:42,333 --> 00:38:44,301
<i>...and people from many Sioux nations...</i>

537
00:38:44,469 --> 00:38:48,200
<i>...fled the reservations</i>
<i>to join Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse...</i>

538
00:38:48,373 --> 00:38:51,467
<i>...in a great encampment</i>
<i>along the Little Bighorn River...</i>

539
00:38:51,643 --> 00:38:54,203
<i>...in present-day Montana.</i>

540
00:38:55,680 --> 00:38:59,081
<i>The gathering,</i>
<i>possibly the largest in Plains history...</i>

541
00:38:59,250 --> 00:39:04,313
<i>...swelled to 8000,</i>
<i>with camp circles stretching for miles.</i>

542
00:39:05,056 --> 00:39:08,025
<i>The Indian people were well aware</i>
<i>that this could</i> be...

543
00:39:08,192 --> 00:39:11,923
<i>...their last great celebration of freedom.</i>

544
00:39:17,869 --> 00:39:20,201
<i>There, far from any white settlements...</i>

545
00:39:20,371 --> 00:39:23,169
<i>...they would hunt</i>
<i>the last remaining buffalo...</i>

546
00:39:23,341 --> 00:39:28,745
<i>...feast, race ponies,</i>
<i>visit with old friends and relatives...</i>

547
00:39:28,913 --> 00:39:34,476
<i>...and join in a massive sun dance</i>
<i>that would be remembered for generations.</i>

548
00:39:40,191 --> 00:39:44,491
<i>On June 25, 1876, as the United States...</i>

549
00:39:44,662 --> 00:39:47,825
<i>...prepared to celebrate</i>
<i>100 years of freedom...</i>

550
00:39:47,999 --> 00:39:52,265
<i>...five companies of the 7th Cavalry</i>
<i>under George Armstrong Custer...</i>

551
00:39:52,437 --> 00:39:55,668
<i>...advanced on Sitting Bull's camp.</i>

552
00:39:56,140 --> 00:40:00,236
<i>It was not until the dust from</i>
<i>the 7th Cavalry rose over the hills...</i>

553
00:40:00,411 --> 00:40:04,370
<i>...that the startled encampment</i>
<i>learned of the troops.</i>

554
00:40:04,549 --> 00:40:09,384
<i>Two Moons, leader of the Northern</i>
<i>Cheyenne, was swimming in the creek.</i>

555
00:40:11,022 --> 00:40:14,321
"I looked up the Little Horn
toward Sitting Bull's camp.

556
00:40:14,492 --> 00:40:17,086
I saw a great dust rising.

557
00:40:17,695 --> 00:40:20,459
It looked like a whirlwind.

558
00:40:21,733 --> 00:40:25,499
Women were screaming,
and men were letting out war cries.

559
00:40:25,670 --> 00:40:29,436
We could hear old men calling,
'Soldiers are here!

560
00:40:29,607 --> 00:40:33,407
Young men, go out and fight them!"'

561
00:40:34,112 --> 00:40:37,047
<i>Crazy Horse rode through the camp</i>
<i>gathering his men...</i>

562
00:40:37,215 --> 00:40:42,209
<i>...as Custer's surprise attack stirred panic</i>
<i>among the women and children.</i>

563
00:40:42,386 --> 00:40:44,820
"Children were hunting for their mothers.

564
00:40:45,356 --> 00:40:48,985
Mothers were anxiously trying
to find their children.

565
00:40:49,293 --> 00:40:53,627
The air was so full of dust,
I could not see where to go."

566
00:40:53,798 --> 00:40:56,392
Wooden Leg, Northern Cheyenne.

567
00:40:57,869 --> 00:41:02,363
<i>While the young men rode into battle,</i>
<i>Sitting Bull rallied the men still in camp...</i>

568
00:41:02,540 --> 00:41:05,441
<i>...to protect the women and children.</i>

569
00:41:05,910 --> 00:41:10,779
<i>The Hunkpapa, under Gall,</i>
<i>and the Oglala, under Crazy Horse...</i>

570
00:41:10,948 --> 00:41:14,179
<i>...quickly rode out and counterattacked.</i>

571
00:41:16,020 --> 00:41:20,286
"Many hundreds of Indians on horseback
were dashing to and fro...

572
00:41:20,458 --> 00:41:23,427
...in front of a body of soldiers.

573
00:41:25,530 --> 00:41:30,263
The soldiers were on the level valley ground
and were shooting with rifles.

574
00:41:35,773 --> 00:41:38,970
Not many bullets were being sent
back at them...

575
00:41:39,143 --> 00:41:42,476
...but thousands of arrows
were falling among them."

576
00:41:43,147 --> 00:41:45,945
Wooden Leg, Northern Cheyenne.

577
00:41:47,618 --> 00:41:50,485
"A big dust was whirling on the hill...

578
00:41:50,655 --> 00:41:55,422
...and then the horses began coming
out of it with empty saddles."

579
00:41:56,327 --> 00:41:59,490
Black Elk, oglala.

580
00:42:00,431 --> 00:42:03,832
<i>The battle was over</i>
<i>in less than half an hour.</i>

581
00:42:06,737 --> 00:42:10,468
<i>Custer, 260 men of the 7th Cavalry...</i>

582
00:42:10,641 --> 00:42:14,634
<i>...and as many as 150 Indian people</i>
<i>lay dead.</i>

583
00:42:16,414 --> 00:42:19,713
<i>Cheyenne survivors of the massacre</i>
<i>of Black Kettle's people...</i>

584
00:42:19,884 --> 00:42:23,479
<i>...along the Washita River exalted</i>
<i>in the death of Custer...</i>

585
00:42:23,654 --> 00:42:27,090
<i>...the man they called "woman killer."</i>

586
00:42:31,162 --> 00:42:35,963
<i>But that night, Sitting Bull was reflective:</i>

587
00:42:37,068 --> 00:42:42,028
"My heart is full of sorrow
that so many were killed on each side.

588
00:42:42,206 --> 00:42:47,166
But when they compel us to fight,
we must fight.

589
00:42:48,312 --> 00:42:49,904
Tonight...

590
00:42:50,081 --> 00:42:52,549
...we shall mourn for our dead...

591
00:42:52,717 --> 00:42:58,121
...and for those brave white men
lying on the hillside."

592
00:42:58,489 --> 00:43:01,458
Sitting Bull, Hunkpapa.

593
00:43:01,993 --> 00:43:05,451
<i>The next day, firing the grass as cover...</i>

594
00:43:05,630 --> 00:43:10,397
<i>...the Indian forces broke camp</i>
<i>and headed toward the Bighorn Mountains.</i>

595
00:43:12,236 --> 00:43:17,469
<i>News of the battle reached</i>
<i>the outside world on July 4, 1876...</i>

596
00:43:17,642 --> 00:43:21,373
<i>...dampening a giddy U. S.</i>
<i>Centennial celebration.</i>

597
00:43:21,545 --> 00:43:26,380
<i>The next morning's newspapers, ignoring</i>
<i>all evidence, called it a "massacre."</i>

598
00:43:30,788 --> 00:43:34,884
"We felt that it was a great battle,
not a massacre.

599
00:43:35,893 --> 00:43:39,226
The soldiers were going to compel us
to stay on our reservation...

600
00:43:39,397 --> 00:43:42,059
...and take away from us our country.

601
00:43:42,233 --> 00:43:44,963
We were trying to get away from them."

602
00:43:45,136 --> 00:43:48,071
Runs the Enemy, Cut Head Sioux.

603
00:43:48,906 --> 00:43:52,933
<i>Outraged by what was seen</i>
<i>as an affront to their national pride...</i>

604
00:43:53,110 --> 00:43:57,342
<i>...the American public cried out</i>
<i>for immediate reprisal.</i>

605
00:43:58,482 --> 00:44:02,043
<i>Punitive expeditions were sent out,</i>
<i>mercilessly hunting down...</i>

606
00:44:02,219 --> 00:44:05,416
<i>...the last free bands</i>
<i>of the Northern Plains.</i>

607
00:44:06,524 --> 00:44:09,618
<i>Sitting Bull's Hunkpapa escaped</i>
<i>into Canada...</i>

608
00:44:09,794 --> 00:44:13,195
<i>...where they received political asylum.</i>

609
00:44:13,698 --> 00:44:17,225
<i>Crazy Horse's Oglala</i>
<i>took refuge in the Black Hills...</i>

610
00:44:17,401 --> 00:44:21,963
<i>...where the full force of the</i>
<i>United States Army was turned on them.</i>

611
00:44:23,140 --> 00:44:28,737
<i>For months, the army was unable to defeat</i>
<i>or capture the Oglala leader.</i>

612
00:44:29,513 --> 00:44:33,005
<i>Finally, the U.S. Made peace overtures</i>
<i>to Crazy Horse...</i>

613
00:44:33,184 --> 00:44:36,620
<i>...promising land,</i>
<i>generous subsidies and protection...</i>

614
00:44:36,787 --> 00:44:41,019
<i>...if he and his starving people</i>
<i>turned themselves in.</i>

615
00:44:42,560 --> 00:44:45,461
<i>On May 5, 1877...</i>

616
00:44:45,629 --> 00:44:50,123
<i>...after nearly a year of successfully eluding</i>
<i>the all-out manhunt...</i>

617
00:44:50,301 --> 00:44:55,500
<i>...Crazy Horse led nearly a thousand</i>
<i>followers to surrender at Camp Robinson.</i>

618
00:44:56,674 --> 00:45:02,112
<i>Oglala, already at the agency,</i>
<i>lined the route, singing and cheering.</i>

619
00:45:02,546 --> 00:45:05,106
<i>One U.S. Army officer</i>
<i>marveled that it was:</i>

620
00:45:05,282 --> 00:45:08,911
<i>"A triumphal march, not a surrender."</i>

621
00:45:10,154 --> 00:45:13,555
<i>The leader, who had known nothing</i>
<i>but the freedom of the Plains...</i>

622
00:45:13,724 --> 00:45:16,921
<i>...was stripped of his horse and gun.</i>

623
00:45:17,561 --> 00:45:22,362
<i>Then, four months later,</i>
<i>on September 5, 1877...</i>

624
00:45:22,533 --> 00:45:26,128
<i>...believing he was going to a meeting</i>
<i>with the commander of Fort Robinson...</i>

625
00:45:26,303 --> 00:45:31,639
<i>...Crazy Horse was led past an armed guard</i>
<i>to the doorway of a building.</i>

626
00:45:31,809 --> 00:45:37,907
<i>Inside was a small barred cell,</i>
<i>3 feet wide by 6 feet tall.</i>

627
00:45:38,082 --> 00:45:39,549
<i>Crazy Horse resisted.</i>

628
00:45:42,787 --> 00:45:47,019
<i>A soldier thrust a bayonet into his back.</i>

629
00:45:50,361 --> 00:45:55,799
<i>That night, as Crazy Horse lay dying,</i>
<i>he told his father:</i>

630
00:45:56,467 --> 00:46:02,133
"Tell the people it is no use
to count on me anymore."

631
00:46:10,614 --> 00:46:15,677
<i>Crazy Horse was laid to rest</i>
<i>near the creek called Wounded Knee.</i>

632
00:46:27,998 --> 00:46:32,628
As Americans or people in any free society,
we cherish our independence...

633
00:46:32,803 --> 00:46:35,863
...and know the cost to secure
this hard-won commodity...

634
00:46:36,040 --> 00:46:38,600
...is often measured in human lives.

635
00:46:38,776 --> 00:46:43,679
Think for a moment what would happen
if your freedom was placed at risk.

636
00:46:43,848 --> 00:46:47,978
Is it any wonder then that Indian nations
fought to preserve theirs?

637
00:46:48,152 --> 00:46:52,020
Now imagine the unthinkable,
being conquered.

638
00:46:52,189 --> 00:46:54,680
You're forced onto barren land
and have no choice...

639
00:46:54,859 --> 00:46:58,386
...but to live under the control
of the conquering government.

640
00:46:58,562 --> 00:47:02,999
In this last hour, we'll take you
to the reservations of the 1800s...

641
00:47:03,167 --> 00:47:06,830
...to the stark, bitter truth
about the loss of freedom.

642
00:47:07,004 --> 00:47:10,770
But first we go to the epic struggles
of two impassioned leaders...

643
00:47:10,941 --> 00:47:15,105
...whose resourcefulness and daring
are synonymous with courage...

644
00:47:15,279 --> 00:47:17,804
...leaders whose words remain
among the most moving...

645
00:47:17,982 --> 00:47:20,007
...in the history of the world:

646
00:47:20,184 --> 00:47:23,711
Chief Joseph and Geronimo.

647
00:47:30,294 --> 00:47:34,526
"My father sent for me.
I saw he was dying.

648
00:47:34,698 --> 00:47:37,758
I took his hand in mine.

649
00:47:37,935 --> 00:47:44,238
He said, 'My son, never forget
my dying words.

650
00:47:44,408 --> 00:47:47,775
This country holds your father's body.

651
00:47:47,945 --> 00:47:53,144
Never sell the bones of your father
and your mother.'

652
00:47:55,619 --> 00:47:58,611
I pressed my father's hand...

653
00:47:58,789 --> 00:48:02,748
...and told him I would protect
his grave with my life.

654
00:48:03,861 --> 00:48:08,798
I buried him in that beautiful valley
of winding waters.

655
00:48:17,975 --> 00:48:23,140
I loved that land more than
all the rest of the world."

656
00:48:24,014 --> 00:48:27,541
Chief Joseph, Nez Perce.

657
00:48:28,319 --> 00:48:32,881
<i>Upon his father's death,</i>
<i>31-year-old Inmutooyahlatlat...</i>

658
00:48:33,057 --> 00:48:34,991
<i>...known as Chief Joseph...</i>

659
00:48:35,159 --> 00:48:39,528
<i>...became head of a band of Nez Perce,</i>
<i>whose home was the Wallowa Valley...</i>

660
00:48:39,697 --> 00:48:44,794
<i>...250 miles east of present-day</i>
<i>Portland, Oregon.</i>

661
00:48:45,970 --> 00:48:51,033
<i>Famed for their selective breeding of horses,</i>
<i>particularly the appaloosa...</i>

662
00:48:51,208 --> 00:48:54,837
<i>...the Nez Perce had always been friends</i>
<i>to the Americans.</i>

663
00:48:56,447 --> 00:49:00,281
<i>But with the opening of the Oregon Territory</i>
<i>and the end of the Civil War...</i>

664
00:49:00,451 --> 00:49:06,822
<i>...white settlers, cattlemen and gold miners</i>
<i>came to covet the rich Nez Perce land.</i>

665
00:49:06,991 --> 00:49:10,188
<i>Ignoring their long friendship</i>
<i>with the Indian nation...</i>

666
00:49:10,361 --> 00:49:14,127
<i>...the U.S. Government supported</i>
<i>the settlers' claims.</i>

667
00:49:14,298 --> 00:49:18,894
<i>In 1877, General Oliver Howard entered</i>
<i>the Wallowa Valley...</i>

668
00:49:19,069 --> 00:49:22,163
<i>...with orders from Washington</i>
<i>to remove the Nez Perce...</i>

669
00:49:22,339 --> 00:49:25,365
<i>...by treaty or by force.</i>

670
00:49:32,116 --> 00:49:35,347
I did not want to come to this council...

671
00:49:35,519 --> 00:49:39,455
...but I came hoping
that we could save blood.

672
00:49:40,324 --> 00:49:45,694
The white man has no right
to come here and take our country...

673
00:49:45,863 --> 00:49:50,664
...and we will defend this land
as long as a drop of Indian blood...

674
00:49:50,834 --> 00:49:54,292
...warms the hearts of our men.

675
00:49:57,141 --> 00:49:59,974
<i>Joseph was faced with a terrible choice:</i>

676
00:50:00,144 --> 00:50:05,343
<i>To betray his father's dying wish</i>
<i>or to commit his people to war.</i>

677
00:50:05,516 --> 00:50:11,546
<i>Finally, he reluctantly agreed</i>
<i>to relinquish his Wallowa Valley homeland.</i>

678
00:50:14,058 --> 00:50:18,654
<i>Despite Joseph's concessions,</i>
<i>tensions remained high.</i>

679
00:50:20,798 --> 00:50:24,097
<i>As the Nez Perce were preparing</i>
<i>to move onto the reservation...</i>

680
00:50:24,268 --> 00:50:27,237
<i>...a youth, whose father had been</i>
<i>murdered by settlers...</i>

681
00:50:27,404 --> 00:50:30,430
<i>...gathered several friends</i>
<i>and killed four settlers...</i>

682
00:50:30,607 --> 00:50:35,271
<i>...who were known to have committed</i>
<i>atrocities against Nez Perce people.</i>

683
00:50:35,446 --> 00:50:39,780
"I know that my young men
did a great wrong...

684
00:50:40,184 --> 00:50:42,379
...but I ask...

685
00:50:42,586 --> 00:50:45,146
...who was the first to blame?

686
00:50:45,322 --> 00:50:48,758
Their fathers and brothers
had been killed.

687
00:50:48,926 --> 00:50:53,590
Their mothers and wives
had been disgraced.

688
00:50:53,764 --> 00:50:59,066
They had been told by General Howard
that all their horses and cattle...

689
00:50:59,236 --> 00:51:03,229
...were to fall into the hands
of white men.

690
00:51:03,574 --> 00:51:06,407
I would have given my own life...

691
00:51:06,910 --> 00:51:10,437
...lf I could have undone the killing
of white men...

692
00:51:10,614 --> 00:51:12,479
...by my people."

693
00:51:12,950 --> 00:51:17,148
Chief Joseph, Nez Perce.

694
00:51:18,956 --> 00:51:21,151
<i>When seven more whites were killed...</i>

695
00:51:21,325 --> 00:51:25,284
<i>...General Howard sent a military force</i>
<i>against the Indian nation.</i>

696
00:51:25,462 --> 00:51:30,661
<i>Nez Perce leaders responded by dispatching</i>
<i>a truce delegation under a white flag...</i>

697
00:51:30,834 --> 00:51:33,394
<i>...to meet Howard's advancing army.</i>

698
00:51:33,570 --> 00:51:36,437
<i>Howard's men opened fire.</i>

699
00:51:46,483 --> 00:51:50,419
<i>So began Chief Joseph's famous</i>
<i>flight for freedom.</i>

700
00:51:50,587 --> 00:51:55,217
<i>Over 700 men, women and children,</i>
<i>with sick and elderly...</i>

701
00:51:55,392 --> 00:51:59,624
<i>...enduring a 1800-mile fighting retreat.</i>

702
00:52:00,197 --> 00:52:03,792
<i>The struggle would capture</i>
<i>the imagination of the American public.</i>

703
00:52:03,967 --> 00:52:08,199
<i>Newspaper accounts made Chief Joseph</i>
<i>a household name.</i>

704
00:52:08,372 --> 00:52:11,569
<i>With a military genius</i>
<i>born of desperation...</i>

705
00:52:11,742 --> 00:52:15,143
<i>...the five Nez Perce bands</i>
<i>outwitted and outmaneuvered...</i>

706
00:52:15,312 --> 00:52:17,439
<i>...one military force after another...</i>

707
00:52:17,648 --> 00:52:23,746
<i>...as they made their way toward Sitting</i>
<i>Bull's camp and political asylum in Canada.</i>

708
00:52:24,788 --> 00:52:29,191
<i>Circling through the mountains, canyons,</i>
<i>and plateau prairies of Idaho...</i>

709
00:52:29,359 --> 00:52:33,557
<i>...crossing the high ridges of the Bitterroot</i>
<i>mountains into Montana and Wyoming...</i>

710
00:52:33,730 --> 00:52:37,962
<i>...colliding with frightened tourists</i>
<i>in the newly created Yellowstone Park...</i>

711
00:52:38,135 --> 00:52:41,127
<i>...the Nez Perce fought off, in turn,</i>
<i>four armies...</i>

712
00:52:41,305 --> 00:52:44,468
<i>...commanded by veteran</i>
<i>Civil War officers.</i>

713
00:52:51,315 --> 00:52:54,478
<i>After 105 days of constant pursuit...</i>

714
00:52:54,651 --> 00:52:57,950
<i>...the Nez Perce reached</i>
<i>the Bear Paw Mountains in Montana...</i>

715
00:52:58,121 --> 00:53:01,887
<i>...one day from Sitting Bull's camp</i>
<i>and freedom.</i>

716
00:53:02,059 --> 00:53:03,924
<i>They knew they had put safe distance...</i>

717
00:53:04,094 --> 00:53:07,723
<i>...between themselves and the pursuing</i>
<i>armies and stopped for a last rest...</i>

718
00:53:07,898 --> 00:53:10,731
<i>...before moving across the border.</i>

719
00:53:11,468 --> 00:53:13,834
<i>What they did not know</i>
<i>was that a new army...</i>

720
00:53:14,004 --> 00:53:18,532
<i>...had been dispatched by telegraph</i>
<i>and was surrounding them as they camped.</i>

721
00:53:19,343 --> 00:53:22,574
<i>The Nez Perce were taken</i>
<i>completely by surprise.</i>

722
00:53:23,380 --> 00:53:26,474
<i>The fighting was intense,</i>
<i>and in the first moments...</i>

723
00:53:26,650 --> 00:53:31,349
<i>...Chief Joseph and 70 others were cut off</i>
<i>from the rest of the camp.</i>

724
00:53:31,555 --> 00:53:33,750
With a prayer in my mouth...

725
00:53:33,924 --> 00:53:37,519
...I dashed unarmed through the line
of soldiers.

726
00:53:37,961 --> 00:53:41,988
My clothes were cut to pieces,
my horse was wounded...

727
00:53:42,165 --> 00:53:44,133
...but I was not hurt.

728
00:53:44,301 --> 00:53:46,735
As I reached the door of my lodge...

729
00:53:46,904 --> 00:53:49,998
...my wife handed me my rifle, saying:

730
00:53:50,173 --> 00:53:53,631
"Here's your gun. Fight."

731
00:53:54,044 --> 00:53:56,137
They ran up the hill
when they were fighting.

732
00:53:56,313 --> 00:53:58,304
"They're tearing the camp down there."

733
00:53:58,482 --> 00:54:01,349
She had this little baby
and her girl by the hand...

734
00:54:01,518 --> 00:54:03,679
...and they said there was
kind of a tree, like.

735
00:54:05,255 --> 00:54:09,191
There was a big log there,
so they crawled under that log...

736
00:54:09,493 --> 00:54:14,556
...to kind of hide from the soldiers
that might come...

737
00:54:14,731 --> 00:54:17,165
...and probably shoot them down too.

738
00:54:17,334 --> 00:54:20,770
And they just stayed there
till everything was quiet.

739
00:54:21,138 --> 00:54:25,802
<i>The battle raged throughout the first day,</i>
<i>with heavy casualties on both sides...</i>

740
00:54:25,976 --> 00:54:30,242
<i>...including the leaders of three</i>
<i>of the five Nez Perce bands.</i>

741
00:54:30,414 --> 00:54:35,215
<i>By the second day, the Nez Perce</i>
<i>were dug in and fighting from trenches.</i>

742
00:54:35,519 --> 00:54:39,216
<i>The army could not mount an attack</i>
<i>without heavy losses.</i>

743
00:54:39,389 --> 00:54:43,257
<i>Finally, on October 5th,</i>
<i>General Nelson A. Miles...</i>

744
00:54:43,427 --> 00:54:47,727
<i>...called Chief Joseph to peace talks</i>
<i>under a flag of truce.</i>

745
00:54:49,566 --> 00:54:52,694
<i>Chief Joseph went to General Miles</i>
<i>and gave up his gun...</i>

746
00:54:52,869 --> 00:54:57,863
<i>...only one day from Sitting Bull's camp</i>
<i>and Canadian asylum.</i>

747
00:54:59,376 --> 00:55:02,106
I am tired of fighting.

748
00:55:02,913 --> 00:55:05,404
Our chiefs are all killed.

749
00:55:06,149 --> 00:55:09,744
The old men are all dead.

750
00:55:10,220 --> 00:55:13,849
The little children are freezing to death.

751
00:55:15,692 --> 00:55:22,029
I want to have time to look for my children
and see how many of them I can find.

752
00:55:24,735 --> 00:55:28,569
Maybe I shall find them among the dead.

753
00:55:30,974 --> 00:55:33,704
Hear me, my chiefs.

754
00:55:34,611 --> 00:55:36,875
I am tired.

755
00:55:37,247 --> 00:55:40,910
My heart is sick and sad.

756
00:55:41,485 --> 00:55:44,454
From where the sun now stands...

757
00:55:44,621 --> 00:55:48,717
...I will fight no more, forever.

758
00:55:55,899 --> 00:56:00,962
<i>But the United States would not honor</i>
<i>the terms of Chief Joseph's surrender.</i>

759
00:56:01,138 --> 00:56:03,732
<i>The captured Nez Perce</i>
<i>were shipped south...</i>

760
00:56:04,074 --> 00:56:07,942
<i>...to a malaria-infested reservation</i>
<i>at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas...</i>

761
00:56:08,111 --> 00:56:12,445
<i>...before final relocation</i>
<i>to Oklahoma Territory.</i>

762
00:56:13,183 --> 00:56:16,016
<i>Chief Joseph had put down his gun...</i>

763
00:56:16,186 --> 00:56:19,553
<i>...but he had not given up the struggle</i>
<i>for his homeland.</i>

764
00:56:19,723 --> 00:56:23,921
<i>He would devote the rest of his life</i>
<i>to honoring his promise to his father...</i>

765
00:56:24,094 --> 00:56:26,858
<i>...and fighting for his people.</i>

766
00:56:27,631 --> 00:56:29,599
<i>He traveled to Washington, D.</i> C...

767
00:56:29,766 --> 00:56:33,964
<i>...where he passionately argued his case</i>
<i>before Congress.</i>

768
00:56:35,639 --> 00:56:40,906
I have heard talk and talk,
but nothing is done."

769
00:56:42,713 --> 00:56:47,582
Good words do not last long
unless they amount to something.

770
00:56:47,751 --> 00:56:50,311
It makes my heart sick...

771
00:56:50,487 --> 00:56:55,186
...when I remember all the good words...

772
00:56:55,358 --> 00:56:58,850
...and all the broken promises.

773
00:56:59,930 --> 00:57:03,195
<i>In 1885, after eight long years...</i>

774
00:57:03,366 --> 00:57:06,802
<i>...and a massive campaign</i>
<i>launched by Eastern philanthropists...</i>

775
00:57:06,970 --> 00:57:10,736
<i>...Chief Joseph's people won the right</i>
<i>to return to the Northwest...</i>

776
00:57:10,907 --> 00:57:14,468
<i>...but not to their beloved</i>
<i>Wallowa Valley.</i>

777
00:57:14,945 --> 00:57:16,537
<i>The cattlemen who occupied</i> it...

778
00:57:16,713 --> 00:57:19,546
<i>...threatened to kill Chief Joseph</i>
<i>if he returned.</i>

779
00:57:19,716 --> 00:57:24,676
<i>Forever banished from his country,</i>
<i>Joseph and 150 members of his band...</i>

780
00:57:24,855 --> 00:57:29,952
<i>...were taken under military escort</i>
<i>to a reservation in Washington Territory.</i>

781
00:57:30,127 --> 00:57:35,463
<i>There, in exile, Chief Joseph would die.</i>

782
00:57:35,632 --> 00:57:37,600
The doctor that was there...

783
00:57:39,269 --> 00:57:42,898
...to examine the Joseph...

784
00:57:43,440 --> 00:57:48,377
...his plea was that Joseph lost his life...

785
00:57:48,545 --> 00:57:51,742
...account of his broken heart.

786
00:57:59,823 --> 00:58:03,816
"If the white man wants to live in peace
with the Indian...

787
00:58:03,994 --> 00:58:06,394
...he can live in peace.

788
00:58:06,563 --> 00:58:08,622
Treat all men alike.

789
00:58:08,799 --> 00:58:13,600
Give them all an even chance
to live and grow.

790
00:58:14,671 --> 00:58:18,505
You might as well expect the rivers
to run backward...

791
00:58:18,675 --> 00:58:23,271
...as that any man who was born a free man
should be contented...

792
00:58:23,513 --> 00:58:28,541
...when penned up and denied liberty
to go where he pleases.

793
00:58:28,718 --> 00:58:34,486
Let me be a free man,
free to travel, free to stop...

794
00:58:34,691 --> 00:58:36,522
...free to work...

795
00:58:36,693 --> 00:58:40,094
...free to choose my own teachers...

796
00:58:40,263 --> 00:58:43,994
...free to follow the religion
of my fathers...

797
00:58:44,167 --> 00:58:47,034
...free to think and talk...

798
00:58:47,204 --> 00:58:50,640
...and act for myself."

799
00:58:50,974 --> 00:58:54,876
Chief Joseph, Nez Perce.

800
00:59:11,595 --> 00:59:16,623
"When I was young, I walked all over
this country, east and west...

801
00:59:16,800 --> 00:59:19,894
...and I saw no other people
than the Apaches.

802
00:59:20,070 --> 00:59:23,528
After many summers, I walked again...

803
00:59:23,707 --> 00:59:29,043
...and I found another race of people
had come to take it."

804
00:59:29,579 --> 00:59:33,242
Cochise, Chokonen.

805
00:59:34,084 --> 00:59:38,453
<i>When California became part</i>
<i>of the United States in 1848...</i>

806
00:59:38,622 --> 00:59:43,184
<i>...a new flow of military</i>
<i>and civilian traffic headed West.</i>

807
00:59:43,360 --> 00:59:47,729
<i>Many, bound for Southern California,</i>
<i>took a route near the Mexican border...</i>

808
00:59:47,898 --> 00:59:50,526
<i>...that went through the lands</i>
<i>of Apache nations...</i>

809
00:59:50,700 --> 00:59:57,196
<i>...the Chokonen, Bedonkohe, Nednhi,</i>
<i>and Chi'enne Apache.</i>

810
00:59:59,075 --> 01:00:01,873
<i>The Apache had a long</i>
<i>and successful history...</i>

811
01:00:02,045 --> 01:00:07,449
<i>...of defending their lands against</i>
<i>aggressive Spanish and Mexican invaders.</i>

812
01:00:07,617 --> 01:00:11,553
<i>But as the newest arrivals,</i>
<i>the Americans, crossed their lands...</i>

813
01:00:11,721 --> 01:00:14,451
<i>...most Apache held no grievances</i>
<i>against them...</i>

814
01:00:14,624 --> 01:00:18,924
<i>...and their leaders made every effort</i>
<i>to accommodate the travelers.</i>

815
01:00:19,496 --> 01:00:22,795
"At last, in my youth,
came the white man.

816
01:00:22,966 --> 01:00:25,093
Under the counsel of my father...

817
01:00:25,268 --> 01:00:28,635
...who had for a long time
been the head of the Apaches...

818
01:00:28,805 --> 01:00:31,603
...they were received with friendship.

819
01:00:34,611 --> 01:00:39,639
Soon their numbers increased,
and many passed through the country.

820
01:00:40,917 --> 01:00:43,249
We lived in peace."

821
01:00:44,287 --> 01:00:47,848
Cochise, Chokonen.

822
01:00:51,061 --> 01:00:56,931
<i>In February of 1861, a charismatic</i>
<i>Chokonen leader, Cochise...</i>

823
01:00:57,100 --> 01:01:00,695
<i>...was summoned to a meeting</i>
<i>with an inexperienced army lieutenant...</i>

824
01:01:00,870 --> 01:01:03,270
<i>...named George Bascom.</i>

825
01:01:03,440 --> 01:01:09,140
<i>Bascom accused Cochise of kidnapping</i>
<i>a child from a nearby ranch.</i>

826
01:01:09,312 --> 01:01:13,544
"Cochise denied that any of his band
had done the kidnapping.

827
01:01:13,717 --> 01:01:17,710
Bascom accused the chief of telling a lie.

828
01:01:17,887 --> 01:01:21,823
Cochise was very proud
of making his word good...

829
01:01:21,992 --> 01:01:25,428
...and no greater offense
could have been offered him."

830
01:01:25,595 --> 01:01:28,325
Daklugie, Nednhi.

831
01:01:28,498 --> 01:01:31,467
<i>Bascom ordered Cochise arrested.</i>

832
01:01:31,634 --> 01:01:35,331
<i>But the Apache leader escaped</i>
<i>through heavy gunfire.</i>

833
01:01:37,440 --> 01:01:43,401
<i>The men who accompanied Cochise were</i>
<i>held by Bascom and executed soon after.</i>

834
01:01:44,781 --> 01:01:47,909
"At last, your soldiers did me
a great wrong...

835
01:01:48,084 --> 01:01:51,315
...and I and my people
went to war with them."

836
01:01:51,488 --> 01:01:54,582
Cochise, Chokonen.

837
01:01:56,860 --> 01:02:00,023
<i>Cochise cut off passage</i>
<i>through Apache Pass.</i>

838
01:02:00,196 --> 01:02:03,893
<i>The United States responded by sending</i>
<i>General James Carleton...</i>

839
01:02:04,067 --> 01:02:08,470
<i>...to establish Fort Bowie in Apache Pass.</i>

840
01:02:08,638 --> 01:02:11,266
There is to be no council held
with the Indians.

841
01:02:11,441 --> 01:02:15,571
The men are to be slain whenever
and wherever they can be found.

842
01:02:15,745 --> 01:02:19,545
The women and children may be
taken as prisoners.

843
01:02:19,716 --> 01:02:26,212
I trust that these demonstrations will give
those Indians a wholesome lesson.

844
01:02:28,792 --> 01:02:32,228
<i>But the long and intense efforts</i>
<i>of the United States Army...</i>

845
01:02:32,395 --> 01:02:34,863
<i>...would have little success.</i>

846
01:02:35,965 --> 01:02:39,867
<i>Based at his stronghold high in the rocky</i>
<i>Dragoon Mountains...</i>

847
01:02:40,036 --> 01:02:43,802
<i>...Cochise fought a successful guerrilla war</i>
<i>against the U.S. Cavalry...</i>

848
01:02:43,973 --> 01:02:46,806
<i>...for the next nine years.</i>

849
01:02:47,277 --> 01:02:50,144
<i>Finally, in 1872...</i>

850
01:02:50,313 --> 01:02:56,411
<i>...General Oliver Howard traveled</i>
<i>to Cochise's stronghold to sue for peace.</i>

851
01:02:58,054 --> 01:03:01,956
<i>Cochise agreed to lay down his arms</i>
<i>for a promise...</i>

852
01:03:02,125 --> 01:03:07,791
<i>...that his people would be allowed to</i>
<i>live on their own land in Apache Pass.</i>

853
01:03:09,032 --> 01:03:14,868
<i>Howard's promise would hold true through</i>
<i>the remaining two years of Cochise's life.</i>

854
01:03:15,371 --> 01:03:21,867
<i>Then, in 1876, the United States dissolved</i>
<i>the Apache Pass reservation...</i>

855
01:03:22,112 --> 01:03:27,072
<i>...and ordered the people</i>
<i>to the barren San Carlos Reservation.</i>

856
01:03:27,951 --> 01:03:30,715
The creator did not make San Carlos.

857
01:03:30,887 --> 01:03:32,752
It is older than he.

858
01:03:32,922 --> 01:03:39,020
He just left it as a sample of the way
they did jobs before he came along.

859
01:03:39,195 --> 01:03:41,425
Take stones and ashes and thorns...

860
01:03:41,598 --> 01:03:44,761
...and with some scorpions and rattlesnakes
thrown in...

861
01:03:44,934 --> 01:03:49,098
...dump the outfit on stones,
heat the stones red-hot...

862
01:03:49,272 --> 01:03:53,766
...set the United States Army
after the Apache...

863
01:03:55,378 --> 01:03:58,279
...and you have San Carlos.

864
01:04:05,989 --> 01:04:09,755
<i>Of those ordered to relocate,</i>
<i>two-thirds refused...</i>

865
01:04:09,926 --> 01:04:14,454
<i>...preferring to follow a new generation</i>
<i>of Apache leaders...</i>

866
01:04:15,565 --> 01:04:19,831
<i>...leaders committed to freedom</i>
<i>at all costs.</i>

867
01:04:20,270 --> 01:04:25,867
<i>Among them were</i>
<i>Juh, Nana, Loco, Victorio...</i>

868
01:04:26,042 --> 01:04:29,102
<i>...and Geronimo.</i>

869
01:04:30,146 --> 01:04:35,015
"Juh told him that he could offer them
nothing but hardship and death.

870
01:04:35,185 --> 01:04:37,449
As he saw it, they must choose...

871
01:04:37,620 --> 01:04:42,614
...between death from heat, starvation
and degradation at San Carlos...

872
01:04:42,792 --> 01:04:49,027
...and a wild, free life in Mexico.
Short, perhaps, but free.

873
01:04:49,199 --> 01:04:52,191
Let them remember that
if they took this step...

874
01:04:52,368 --> 01:04:54,768
...they would be hunted
like wild animals...

875
01:04:54,938 --> 01:04:59,534
...by the troops of both
the United States and Mexico.

876
01:05:00,043 --> 01:05:02,443
All of us knew that we were doomed...

877
01:05:02,946 --> 01:05:07,212
...but some preferred death
to slavery and imprisonment."

878
01:05:07,383 --> 01:05:10,614
Daklugie, Nednhi.

879
01:05:11,221 --> 01:05:14,918
<i>Geronimo's strength of will</i>
<i>had been forged much earlier...</i>

880
01:05:15,091 --> 01:05:20,427
<i>...when his wife, children and mother</i>
<i>were killed in a Mexican raid on his village.</i>

881
01:05:20,597 --> 01:05:24,795
He had been away from home and came
back and found his entire family...

882
01:05:24,968 --> 01:05:28,961
...scattered all over in the yard, dead.

883
01:05:29,138 --> 01:05:32,938
The Americans and the Mexicans
rode horses with shoes...

884
01:05:34,944 --> 01:05:40,211
...and so he knew that they were the ones
that had come and destroyed his family.

885
01:05:40,383 --> 01:05:43,045
And he made a vow then...

886
01:05:43,219 --> 01:05:48,657
...that he would kill every Mexican
and every American that he saw.

887
01:05:49,058 --> 01:05:52,926
<i>Now he would lead the Apache</i>
<i>through their greatest test.</i>

888
01:05:53,696 --> 01:05:57,291
<i>The final Apache resistance</i>
<i>was a monumental expression...</i>

889
01:05:57,467 --> 01:06:01,335
<i>...of human pride and love of freedom.</i>

890
01:06:03,706 --> 01:06:06,174
"We are vanishing from the earth...

891
01:06:06,342 --> 01:06:09,971
...yet I cannot think we are useless...

892
01:06:10,146 --> 01:06:13,274
...or God would not have created us.

893
01:06:13,449 --> 01:06:19,217
For each tribe of men God created,
he also made a home.

894
01:06:19,489 --> 01:06:22,390
In the land created
for any particular tribe...

895
01:06:22,558 --> 01:06:27,928
...he placed whatever would be best
for the welfare of that tribe.

896
01:06:28,097 --> 01:06:33,125
Thus it was in the beginning,
the Apaches and their homes...

897
01:06:33,303 --> 01:06:38,138
...each created for the other
by God himself.

898
01:06:39,509 --> 01:06:42,706
When they are taken from these homes...

899
01:06:43,112 --> 01:06:46,377
...they sicken and die.

900
01:06:46,549 --> 01:06:50,542
How long will it be until it is said:

901
01:06:50,720 --> 01:06:53,917
'There are no Apaches'?"

902
01:06:55,758 --> 01:06:59,216
Geronimo, Bedonkohe.

903
01:07:10,106 --> 01:07:14,008
<i>For a decade, the Apache surmounted</i>
<i>overwhelming odds.</i>

904
01:07:14,877 --> 01:07:20,941
<i>By 1886, Geronimo's tiny band was being</i>
<i>hunted across the mountains...</i>

905
01:07:21,117 --> 01:07:25,747
<i>...by 8000 troops from Mexico</i>
<i>and the United States.</i>

906
01:07:36,232 --> 01:07:40,191
He was losing all his warriors
and his family.

907
01:07:40,370 --> 01:07:43,601
He could never beat them because
there was always somebody there...

908
01:07:43,773 --> 01:07:45,900
...and there were so many.

909
01:07:46,075 --> 01:07:48,373
And he was losing his own people.

910
01:07:48,544 --> 01:07:55,040
And he said, "If I keep fighting,
there will never be any more of us."

911
01:07:56,085 --> 01:08:00,419
"At that time, Geronimo's band
consisted of 17 men.

912
01:08:00,757 --> 01:08:05,421
He had also Lozen,
known as 'the woman warrior.'

913
01:08:05,595 --> 01:08:08,359
Geronimo was handicapped
by the presence, too...

914
01:08:08,531 --> 01:08:12,262
...of women and children
who must be defended and fed.

915
01:08:12,435 --> 01:08:15,029
Nobody ever captured Geronimo.

916
01:08:15,204 --> 01:08:18,332
I know. I was with him.

917
01:08:18,508 --> 01:08:22,342
Anyway, who can capture the wind?"

918
01:08:23,379 --> 01:08:26,974
Daklugie, Nednhi.

919
01:08:28,985 --> 01:08:32,045
<i>On September 3, 1886...</i>

920
01:08:32,221 --> 01:08:35,657
<i>...Geronimo turned himself in</i>
<i>to General Miles...</i>

921
01:08:35,825 --> 01:08:41,730
<i>...who had already made his reputation as</i>
<i>the man who finally caught Chief Joseph.</i>

922
01:08:41,898 --> 01:08:45,231
<i>As a condition of surrender,</i>
<i>Miles promised Geronimo...</i>

923
01:08:45,401 --> 01:08:49,269
<i>...that his band would be taken into</i>
<i>custody for only a short while...</i>

924
01:08:49,439 --> 01:08:54,001
<i>...before being released to a reservation</i>
<i>in the Southwest.</i>

925
01:08:54,343 --> 01:08:56,436
<i>But Miles lied.</i>

926
01:08:56,612 --> 01:08:58,079
<i>Geronimo's people...</i>

927
01:08:58,247 --> 01:09:02,081
<i>...and even Apache peacefully settled</i>
<i>at the San Carlos Reservation...</i>

928
01:09:02,251 --> 01:09:05,846
<i>...were shipped to Indian prisons</i>
<i>in Florida.</i>

929
01:09:07,056 --> 01:09:09,422
I was born as a prisoner of war.

930
01:09:09,592 --> 01:09:14,256
They promised us in the beginning that we
would be held prisoners for two years...

931
01:09:14,430 --> 01:09:16,694
...which went into 28 years.

932
01:09:16,866 --> 01:09:19,960
And I'm almost sure we're
the only tribe...

933
01:09:20,136 --> 01:09:23,628
...that ever served that many years
in prison.

934
01:09:29,445 --> 01:09:33,347
<i>Geronimo would not live</i>
<i>to be a free man.</i>

935
01:09:33,516 --> 01:09:36,849
<i>After 23 years as a prisoner of war...</i>

936
01:09:37,019 --> 01:09:40,614
<i>...he died in 1909.</i>

937
01:09:41,624 --> 01:09:45,492
What is the matter
that you don't speak to me?

938
01:09:45,661 --> 01:09:50,155
Why don't you look at me, smile at me?

939
01:09:50,333 --> 01:09:53,894
I am a man.

940
01:09:54,070 --> 01:09:59,030
I have the same feet, legs and hands...

941
01:09:59,208 --> 01:10:04,009
...and the sun looks down on me
a complete man.

942
01:10:04,247 --> 01:10:08,377
I want you to look and smile at me.

943
01:10:27,270 --> 01:10:33,607
<i>By the late 1800s, reservations had become</i>
<i>virtual concentration camps.</i>

944
01:10:36,012 --> 01:10:41,814
<i>Most were on barren lands,</i>
<i>useless for farming and devoid of game.</i>

945
01:10:42,485 --> 01:10:46,012
<i>Indian people were forced to live</i>
<i>off of U.S. Food rations...</i>

946
01:10:46,188 --> 01:10:50,386
<i>...promised in treaties</i>
<i>in return for their lands.</i>

947
01:10:51,861 --> 01:10:56,628
<i>Providing subsidies and food</i>
<i>for over 200,000 Indian people...</i>

948
01:10:56,799 --> 01:10:58,767
<i>...was big business.</i>

949
01:10:58,935 --> 01:11:01,904
<i>The distribution system quickly became</i>
<i>a corrupt network...</i>

950
01:11:02,071 --> 01:11:07,600
<i>...of government agents and their partners,</i>
<i>known as the Indian Ring.</i>

951
01:11:08,411 --> 01:11:14,441
"If they bring any goods for the Indians,
the agents live off of them.

952
01:11:15,818 --> 01:11:19,254
And pay has been taken by the agents...

953
01:11:19,655 --> 01:11:22,954
...and they have put money
in their pockets.

954
01:11:23,426 --> 01:11:27,157
The steamboat came in the night
and took away boxes of goods...

955
01:11:27,330 --> 01:11:29,958
...so that the Indians would not know it."

956
01:11:30,132 --> 01:11:34,228
Struck By The Ree, Yankton.

957
01:11:34,937 --> 01:11:37,963
<i>Robbing nations of their meager</i>
<i>government subsidies...</i>

958
01:11:38,140 --> 01:11:42,770
<i>...the Indian Ring left the people</i>
<i>in abject poverty.</i>

959
01:11:43,179 --> 01:11:48,014
And they hoped, it seems to me,
to take away the spirit of the people...

960
01:11:49,685 --> 01:11:53,781
...so that we'd become more docile,
so to speak.

961
01:11:54,156 --> 01:11:59,116
We would then only depend upon them
for the way to be.

962
01:11:59,295 --> 01:12:04,062
We would have to go to whoever
brought out the rations.

963
01:12:05,801 --> 01:12:10,170
"I noticed a small group of Indians
who sat under a tree.

964
01:12:10,339 --> 01:12:13,934
All were dirty, ragged and lean.

965
01:12:14,110 --> 01:12:17,011
Soon an Indian woman and a young girl
hurried into the group...

966
01:12:17,179 --> 01:12:19,943
...laid down packs and opened them.

967
01:12:20,116 --> 01:12:22,880
I could see spread out there
some dingy meat...

968
01:12:23,052 --> 01:12:25,213
...evidently waste
from a butcher's shop...

969
01:12:25,388 --> 01:12:30,348
...and some discarded scraps of stale bread
and other stray odds and ends of food.

970
01:12:32,361 --> 01:12:38,857
I felt a wave of fury toward our
government's whole Indian policy."

971
01:12:40,336 --> 01:12:43,305
Thomas Tibbles, reporter.

972
01:12:46,709 --> 01:12:50,975
<i>Many Eastern reformers were determined</i>
<i>to break the Indian Ring...</i>

973
01:12:51,147 --> 01:12:55,015
<i>...but they believed that</i>
<i>the only lasting solution was change...</i>

974
01:12:55,184 --> 01:13:00,121
<i>...not only for the bureaucrats,</i>
<i>but for the Indian people themselves.</i>

975
01:13:01,323 --> 01:13:04,622
<i>Indian ways were judged</i>
<i>as backward and wrong...</i>

976
01:13:04,794 --> 01:13:09,390
<i>...that for their own good,</i>
<i>their cultures had to be erased.</i>

977
01:13:11,267 --> 01:13:15,931
<i>Indian people were to be remade</i>
<i>in their reformers' image.</i>

978
01:13:16,439 --> 01:13:21,433
"The Indians' only safe future can be found
in merging their interests with ours...

979
01:13:21,610 --> 01:13:25,137
...and becoming part of the people
of the United States.

980
01:13:25,314 --> 01:13:29,410
Their safe course is to quit being
tribal Indians...

981
01:13:29,585 --> 01:13:33,248
...to go out and live among us
as individual men...

982
01:13:33,422 --> 01:13:39,884
...to adopt our language, our industries
and become a part of the power."

983
01:13:40,496 --> 01:13:45,160
Richard Pratt, director,
Carlisle Indian School.

984
01:13:47,436 --> 01:13:50,496
<i>The policy of stripping Indian people</i>
<i>of their cultures...</i>

985
01:13:50,673 --> 01:13:56,737
<i>...became official with the 1887 passage</i>
<i>of the General Allotment Act.</i>

986
01:13:56,912 --> 01:13:59,312
<i>The act broke apart</i>
<i>communal land holdings...</i>

987
01:13:59,482 --> 01:14:05,478
<i>...assigning plots to individuals in an effort</i>
<i>to force them to live like white farmers.</i>

988
01:14:07,890 --> 01:14:09,983
"As long as Indians live in villages...

989
01:14:10,159 --> 01:14:14,721
...they will retain many of their old
and injurious habits:

990
01:14:15,131 --> 01:14:19,727
Heathen ceremonies and dances,
constant visiting.

991
01:14:20,069 --> 01:14:22,537
I trust that before another year is ended...

992
01:14:22,705 --> 01:14:27,608
...they will generally be located
upon individual land or farms."

993
01:14:28,077 --> 01:14:30,568
Government commissioner.

994
01:14:31,814 --> 01:14:36,911
<i>Supported by an alliance of Eastern</i>
<i>reformers and Western land speculators...</i>

995
01:14:37,086 --> 01:14:40,544
<i>...allotment attacked both the sovereignty</i>
<i>of Indian nations...</i>

996
01:14:40,723 --> 01:14:45,786
<i>...and the fundamental concept</i>
<i>of land belonging to all the people.</i>

997
01:14:48,330 --> 01:14:52,096
"This is only another trick of the whites
to take our land away from us...

998
01:14:52,268 --> 01:14:55,499
...and they have played
these tricks before."

999
01:14:55,938 --> 01:14:59,601
Hollow Horn Bear, oglala.

1000
01:15:02,077 --> 01:15:06,309
<i>The allotment system was ripe</i>
<i>for massive fraud.</i>

1001
01:15:06,482 --> 01:15:12,284
<i>Corrupt agents declared small children,</i>
<i>dogs and horses as allottees...</i>

1002
01:15:12,454 --> 01:15:15,252
<i>...then seized their lands and sold them.</i>

1003
01:15:15,424 --> 01:15:18,188
<i>Indian orphans were shuffled off</i>
<i>to white families...</i>

1004
01:15:18,360 --> 01:15:22,228
<i>...who adopted them to obtain title</i>
<i>to their allotments.</i>

1005
01:15:23,199 --> 01:15:26,532
<i>After allotment plots were handed out</i>
<i>to Indian people...</i>

1006
01:15:26,702 --> 01:15:32,197
<i>...the U.S. Government was free to sell</i>
<i>the remaining reservation lands to whites.</i>

1007
01:15:33,976 --> 01:15:35,466
<i>During the allotment period...</i>

1008
01:15:35,644 --> 01:15:42,106
<i>...Indian nations would lose two-thirds of</i>
<i>the little land that remained in their hands.</i>

1009
01:15:45,588 --> 01:15:48,523
<i>Two years after the passage</i>
<i>of the Allotment Act...</i>

1010
01:15:48,691 --> 01:15:53,822
<i>...Oklahoma Indian Territory</i>
<i>was officially open to settlers.</i>

1011
01:15:58,133 --> 01:16:01,034
<i>What followed were the famous</i>
<i>land rushes.</i>

1012
01:16:04,940 --> 01:16:10,970
<i>The territories of the Creek, Cherokee</i>
<i>and other nations were overrun...</i>

1013
01:16:11,146 --> 01:16:15,310
<i>...lands which had been promised them</i>
<i>as permanent, unassailable refuges...</i>

1014
01:16:15,484 --> 01:16:19,318
<i>...in exchange for their lands</i>
<i>east of the Mississippi.</i>

1015
01:16:25,761 --> 01:16:30,027
<i>But of all the government policies</i>
<i>designed to end Indian cultures...</i>

1016
01:16:30,199 --> 01:16:33,600
<i>...the cruelest was yet to come.</i>

1017
01:16:35,638 --> 01:16:40,735
<i>Indian people would be robbed</i>
<i>of even their children.</i>

1018
01:16:43,612 --> 01:16:48,515
<i>Across the country, Indian children,</i>
<i>some as young as 4 years old...</i>

1019
01:16:48,684 --> 01:16:51,585
<i>...were taken from their parents,</i>
<i>often by force...</i>

1020
01:16:51,754 --> 01:16:54,587
<i>...and sent to boarding schools.</i>

1021
01:17:01,764 --> 01:17:05,666
<i>At the boarding schools, children were</i>
<i>stripped of all outward appearances...</i>

1022
01:17:05,834 --> 01:17:08,928
<i>...linking them to their Indian past.</i>

1023
01:17:12,942 --> 01:17:16,105
"Our belongings were taken from us...

1024
01:17:16,278 --> 01:17:20,840
...even the little medicine bags our mothers
had given us to protect us from harm.

1025
01:17:21,016 --> 01:17:24,315
Everything was placed in a heap
and set afire.

1026
01:17:25,421 --> 01:17:27,548
Next was the long hair...

1027
01:17:27,723 --> 01:17:30,283
...the pride of all the Indians.

1028
01:17:30,759 --> 01:17:33,489
The boys, one by one,
would break down and cry...

1029
01:17:33,662 --> 01:17:37,496
...when they saw their braids
thrown on the floor."

1030
01:17:38,467 --> 01:17:41,436
Lone Wolf, Blackfeet.

1031
01:17:42,604 --> 01:17:45,368
<i>Children were forbidden to speak</i>
<i>of their traditions...</i>

1032
01:17:45,541 --> 01:17:49,602
<i>...and severely punished</i>
<i>if they used their native languages.</i>

1033
01:17:51,146 --> 01:17:54,274
<i>Fed distorted images of evil Indians...</i>

1034
01:17:54,450 --> 01:17:57,078
<i>...many came to doubt their own identity.</i>

1035
01:17:57,252 --> 01:18:00,551
I remember, growing up...

1036
01:18:02,124 --> 01:18:05,218
...that I never really felt good
about myself.

1037
01:18:05,394 --> 01:18:09,125
We were taught to be ashamed
of who we were...

1038
01:18:09,298 --> 01:18:11,095
...and who we are.

1039
01:18:11,266 --> 01:18:16,499
And it hurts when you're young,
and you're trying to understand.

1040
01:18:16,772 --> 01:18:20,105
"We all wore white man's clothes
and ate white man's food...

1041
01:18:20,275 --> 01:18:24,075
...and went to white man's churches
and spoke white man's talk.

1042
01:18:24,246 --> 01:18:29,809
And so after a while, we also begin to say,
'lndians were bad.'

1043
01:18:29,985 --> 01:18:31,816
We laughed at our own people...

1044
01:18:31,987 --> 01:18:36,617
...and their blankets and cooking pots
and sacred societies and dances."

1045
01:18:36,925 --> 01:18:40,019
Sun Elk, Taos.

1046
01:18:40,629 --> 01:18:44,326
<i>Many boarding schools were set up</i>
<i>in converted military posts...</i>

1047
01:18:44,500 --> 01:18:49,301
<i>...where, for decades, soldiers</i>
<i>had been trained to fight Indian people.</i>

1048
01:18:49,471 --> 01:18:52,440
<i>Students slept on cots</i>
<i>in cement barracks...</i>

1049
01:18:52,608 --> 01:18:55,839
<i>...and were drilled daily</i>
<i>in strict military regimen.</i>

1050
01:18:56,011 --> 01:18:59,208
It was like an army barrack.

1051
01:19:01,583 --> 01:19:04,780
They marched us like they do
when you first go into the army.

1052
01:19:04,953 --> 01:19:07,421
We marched to school.
We marched to eat.

1053
01:19:07,589 --> 01:19:10,353
They took us to church,
we marched to church.

1054
01:19:10,526 --> 01:19:14,462
We lived kind of an army-style life...

1055
01:19:14,630 --> 01:19:18,225
...and we went to school that way.

1056
01:19:19,334 --> 01:19:24,704
If we thought the days were bad,
the nights were much worse.

1057
01:19:25,140 --> 01:19:28,405
This was a time
when real loneliness set in.

1058
01:19:28,710 --> 01:19:30,769
Many boys run away...

1059
01:19:30,946 --> 01:19:34,939
...but most of them were caught
and brought back by the police.

1060
01:19:35,717 --> 01:19:39,881
We were told never to talk Indian,
and if we were caught...

1061
01:19:40,055 --> 01:19:42,751
...we got a strapping with a leather belt.

1062
01:19:43,358 --> 01:19:47,351
I remember one evening,
when we were all lined up in a room...

1063
01:19:47,529 --> 01:19:50,623
...and one of the boys said
something Indian to another boy.

1064
01:19:50,799 --> 01:19:54,895
The man in charge caught him by the shirt
and threw him across the room.

1065
01:19:55,070 --> 01:19:57,732
Later, we found out his collarbone
was broken.

1066
01:19:57,906 --> 01:20:02,036
The priest would take
a leather harness strap...

1067
01:20:02,211 --> 01:20:03,838
...and he would beat my husband.

1068
01:20:05,514 --> 01:20:08,915
And every time that strap
would come down on him...

1069
01:20:09,084 --> 01:20:12,485
...how he would repeat to himself,
"I'll never forget my language."

1070
01:20:12,654 --> 01:20:17,216
He was thinking that,
"I will never forget my language."

1071
01:20:17,459 --> 01:20:21,953
"The boy's father, an old warrior,
came to the school.

1072
01:20:22,131 --> 01:20:24,827
He told the instructor
that among his people...

1073
01:20:25,000 --> 01:20:28,367
...children were never punished
by striking them...

1074
01:20:28,670 --> 01:20:31,161
...that that was no way to teach children.

1075
01:20:31,340 --> 01:20:35,538
Kind words and good examples
were much better."

1076
01:20:35,878 --> 01:20:38,904
Lone Wolf, Blackfeet.

1077
01:20:41,517 --> 01:20:45,419
Each day stretched
into another endless day...

1078
01:20:45,654 --> 01:20:49,420
...each night for tears to fall.

1079
01:20:49,625 --> 01:20:52,423
"Tomorrow," my sister said.

1080
01:20:52,961 --> 01:20:55,759
Tomorrow never came.

1081
01:20:57,566 --> 01:21:00,057
And so the days passed by...

1082
01:21:00,235 --> 01:21:03,534
...and the changes slowly came
to settle within me.

1083
01:21:03,705 --> 01:21:09,371
Gone were the vivid pictures of my parents,
sisters and brothers.

1084
01:21:09,545 --> 01:21:12,912
Only a blurred vision of what used to be.

1085
01:21:13,081 --> 01:21:16,073
Desperately, I tried to cling
to the faded past...

1086
01:21:16,251 --> 01:21:20,153
...which was slowly being erased
from my mind.

1087
01:21:25,494 --> 01:21:29,760
<i>For traditional cultures,</i>
<i>the effect was devastating.</i>

1088
01:21:29,932 --> 01:21:32,662
<i>Boarding-school graduates</i>
<i>returned to the schools...</i>

1089
01:21:32,834 --> 01:21:35,769
<i>...and encouraged new students</i>
<i>fresh from the reservations...</i>

1090
01:21:35,938 --> 01:21:38,566
<i>...to give up their traditions.</i>

1091
01:21:38,941 --> 01:21:40,568
"Don't look back.

1092
01:21:40,742 --> 01:21:43,176
All that is passed away.

1093
01:21:43,345 --> 01:21:46,246
This country through here is all improved.

1094
01:21:46,415 --> 01:21:51,944
You saw when you were coming,
cities, railroads, houses, manufactories.

1095
01:21:52,120 --> 01:21:54,782
Boys, this was once all our country...

1096
01:21:54,957 --> 01:21:58,051
...but our fathers had not their eyes open
as we have.

1097
01:21:58,227 --> 01:22:04,132
Now the only way to hold our land
is to get educated ourselves."

1098
01:22:04,299 --> 01:22:06,927
Henry Jones, Creek.

1099
01:22:08,003 --> 01:22:13,703
<i>But the home cultures were not altogether</i>
<i>powerless against boarding-school invasion.</i>

1100
01:22:13,875 --> 01:22:16,605
<i>Many held firmly to their traditions...</i>

1101
01:22:16,778 --> 01:22:20,145
<i>...and returning graduates</i>
<i>who did not readapt...</i>

1102
01:22:20,315 --> 01:22:24,513
<i>...found they had no place</i>
<i>in their old world.</i>

1103
01:22:26,788 --> 01:22:30,918
"It was a warm summer evening
when I got off the train at Taos Station.

1104
01:22:31,093 --> 01:22:34,119
The first Indian I met,
I ask him to run out to the pueblo...

1105
01:22:34,296 --> 01:22:36,696
...and tell my family I was home.

1106
01:22:36,865 --> 01:22:42,064
The Indian couldn't speak English,
and I had forgotten all my Pueblo language.

1107
01:22:42,237 --> 01:22:45,468
Next morning, the governor of the pueblo
and two war chiefs...

1108
01:22:45,641 --> 01:22:47,871
...came into my father's house.

1109
01:22:48,043 --> 01:22:51,809
They did not talk to me.
They did not even look at me.

1110
01:22:51,980 --> 01:22:54,107
The chief said to my father:

1111
01:22:54,283 --> 01:22:58,344
'Your son, who calls himself Rafael,
has lived with the white men.

1112
01:22:58,520 --> 01:23:00,181
He has been far away.

1113
01:23:00,355 --> 01:23:04,223
He has not learned the things
that Indian boys should learn.

1114
01:23:04,393 --> 01:23:08,887
He has no hair.
He cannot even speak our language.

1115
01:23:09,064 --> 01:23:11,294
He is not one of us."'

1116
01:23:11,466 --> 01:23:14,435
Sun Elk, Taos.

1117
01:23:15,003 --> 01:23:20,566
These things that made life for us
the most important thing...

1118
01:23:20,742 --> 01:23:22,733
...these were the things
they took from us.

1119
01:23:22,911 --> 01:23:28,543
And today, so many of our Indian children
have forgotten their language...

1120
01:23:28,717 --> 01:23:31,311
...even here on our reservation...

1121
01:23:31,486 --> 01:23:35,422
...because they took that language
away from us. Our language...

1122
01:23:35,590 --> 01:23:37,785
...that God gave us.

1123
01:23:43,899 --> 01:23:46,424
When we started this series,
we wanted to make sense...

1124
01:23:46,601 --> 01:23:51,368
...of how a continent of some 500
Indian nations became what it is today.

1125
01:23:51,540 --> 01:23:54,373
What we found was an ironic path...

1126
01:23:54,543 --> 01:23:57,273
...newcomers, looking for freedom
and tolerance...

1127
01:23:57,446 --> 01:24:01,644
...but showing little of those virtues
to the people they encountered.

1128
01:24:01,817 --> 01:24:04,308
Many Indian nations have survived.

1129
01:24:04,486 --> 01:24:08,388
Today there are over 10 million
Indian people in North America...

1130
01:24:08,557 --> 01:24:11,685
...with 2 million
in the United States alone.

1131
01:24:11,860 --> 01:24:16,297
They no longer face conquistadors
or invading settlers...

1132
01:24:16,465 --> 01:24:19,059
...but they continue to deal
with the complex struggle...

1133
01:24:19,234 --> 01:24:22,567
...to maintain their cultures
and quality of life.

1134
01:24:24,139 --> 01:24:27,267
It's difficult to explain.
Like, the native people...

1135
01:24:28,844 --> 01:24:33,144
...are like a root. You know?

1136
01:24:33,315 --> 01:24:37,911
Where everything grows there.
It's their community, it's their land.

1137
01:24:38,086 --> 01:24:41,021
That's where they live.
That's where they're born.

1138
01:24:41,189 --> 01:24:45,182
That's where they have
their grandparents buried.

1139
01:24:45,360 --> 01:24:48,488
Their ancestors were there.

1140
01:24:48,663 --> 01:24:51,393
Their language is there.
Everything is there.

1141
01:24:51,566 --> 01:24:54,729
And then you ask them
to change their way of life...

1142
01:24:54,903 --> 01:24:56,370
...so you carry them away.

1143
01:24:56,538 --> 01:25:03,000
I say it's just like when you try
to plant a tree...

1144
01:25:03,311 --> 01:25:06,872
...let's say a spruce tree,
in a desert land.

1145
01:25:07,048 --> 01:25:10,848
Even though you put water in it,
it's gonna dry. It's gonna die.

1146
01:25:11,019 --> 01:25:13,283
Our people, our families
had been telling us...

1147
01:25:15,090 --> 01:25:19,584
...all these stories all these many years,
and at last...

1148
01:25:19,761 --> 01:25:26,257
...we finally set foot and walked
in the areas and slept in the country...

1149
01:25:26,601 --> 01:25:33,097
...where our grandmothers
and grandfathers started from.

1150
01:25:43,518 --> 01:25:45,986
And I can just imagine...

1151
01:25:46,154 --> 01:25:51,649
...how my grandmothers
and my grandfathers would have felt...

1152
01:25:51,827 --> 01:25:54,489
...if they had come back like I did.

1153
01:25:54,663 --> 01:25:57,826
And I saw those places for them.

1154
01:25:57,999 --> 01:26:00,126
I was able to return.

1155
01:26:01,970 --> 01:26:04,996
I think a lot of times the general public
doesn't understand...

1156
01:26:05,173 --> 01:26:09,735
...where the Native Americans...
Their feelings...

1157
01:26:09,911 --> 01:26:14,314
...of what's happened to them in the past,
and where they're coming from.

1158
01:26:14,483 --> 01:26:16,747
And why they're sometimes withdrawn.

1159
01:26:16,918 --> 01:26:22,356
Why they haven't really jumped
into the mainstream life.

1160
01:26:24,192 --> 01:26:26,990
I think what present-day Americans
have to learn...

1161
01:26:27,162 --> 01:26:33,567
...is that our heroes are not their heroes,
and their heroes are not our heroes.

1162
01:26:33,735 --> 01:26:38,729
And when I went to school, just as you
and everyone else in this land...

1163
01:26:38,907 --> 01:26:42,468
...we've all been exposed to
the same value system...

1164
01:26:42,644 --> 01:26:45,545
...the same perspective on history.

1165
01:26:45,714 --> 01:26:50,913
The lesson that is there, the very important
lesson, today, for all people...

1166
01:26:51,086 --> 01:26:56,422
...is to realize the value
of an alternative perspective...

1167
01:26:56,591 --> 01:26:58,855
...and that is why we are here.

1168
01:26:59,027 --> 01:27:02,485
That is why the creator allowed
some of us to remain...

1169
01:27:02,664 --> 01:27:05,997
...in spite of all the attempts
to destroy us.

1170
01:27:06,167 --> 01:27:09,568
Every tribe has had their Great Swamp
in that process.

1171
01:27:09,738 --> 01:27:12,104
Every tribe has had their Sand Creek.

1172
01:27:12,274 --> 01:27:14,902
Every tribe has had their Wounded Knee.

1173
01:27:15,076 --> 01:27:20,343
The list is endless, and we've all shared
in that same experience.

1174
01:27:24,920 --> 01:27:28,321
I went to a meeting at Wounded Knee...

1175
01:27:28,490 --> 01:27:33,518
...in November, when there was
snow all over...

1176
01:27:33,695 --> 01:27:36,664
...all over the ground.

1177
01:27:36,831 --> 01:27:41,962
And we were on our way
to the burial site.

1178
01:27:42,137 --> 01:27:45,300
I could not help but think back.

1179
01:27:45,740 --> 01:27:47,367
And there was a feeling there.

1180
01:27:49,477 --> 01:27:51,877
There was a feeling...

1181
01:27:52,047 --> 01:27:56,609
...that those that were there in a grave...

1182
01:27:57,552 --> 01:28:00,146
...were trying to tell me something.

1183
01:28:00,322 --> 01:28:03,416
And it brought tears to my eyes.

1184
01:28:03,758 --> 01:28:07,990
And I stood there, and there was a spirit
that came over...

1185
01:28:08,163 --> 01:28:10,996
...and I could feel that spirit.

1186
01:28:11,600 --> 01:28:14,694
It was the spirit of God.

1187
01:28:18,673 --> 01:28:21,836
There is a mightier power...

1188
01:28:24,179 --> 01:28:27,205
...than kings and presidents...

1189
01:28:27,382 --> 01:28:32,012
...who guides the minds of the people.

1190
01:28:32,754 --> 01:28:35,120
A higher power.

1191
01:28:36,925 --> 01:28:40,122
The mandates are very simple, you know...

1192
01:28:40,295 --> 01:28:44,163
...that we must live in the land
that the creator give to us...

1193
01:28:44,332 --> 01:28:48,268
...and look after his gifts so that
our great-great-grandchildren...

1194
01:28:48,436 --> 01:28:52,998
...will be able to enjoy the same things
that we enjoy today.

1195
01:28:53,842 --> 01:28:56,367
If you look at natural laws
in a very simplist form...

1196
01:28:57,979 --> 01:29:01,346
...is that you must drink water
to survive.

1197
01:29:01,516 --> 01:29:06,317
So if you pollute the water
so that you can't drink it...

1198
01:29:06,488 --> 01:29:09,980
...then you will perish. And there's no...

1199
01:29:11,259 --> 01:29:15,923
...appeal to this if you violate
the natural laws.

1200
01:29:16,698 --> 01:29:19,861
Someday I fear that...

1201
01:29:20,135 --> 01:29:24,595
...the land that we have here now
will be taken...

1202
01:29:24,773 --> 01:29:28,106
...because some of the treaties state
that as long as the water flows...

1203
01:29:28,276 --> 01:29:32,440
...and the grasses grow,
that we will be here.

1204
01:29:34,315 --> 01:29:36,647
But our rivers are drying up...

1205
01:29:36,818 --> 01:29:39,651
...and when the water's gone...

1206
01:29:41,389 --> 01:29:43,323
...what will happen then?

1207
01:29:43,491 --> 01:29:47,052
What's gonna happen to my children?

1208
01:29:47,228 --> 01:29:50,026
Our cultures have been assaulted,
our lands have been stolen.

1209
01:29:51,599 --> 01:29:53,863
But we're still here as a people.

1210
01:29:54,269 --> 01:29:58,262
And we're fighting the same battles that
have been fought for the last 300 years.

1211
01:29:58,440 --> 01:30:00,601
They're unresolved.

1212
01:30:00,775 --> 01:30:03,107
It's up to us to resolve them...

1213
01:30:03,278 --> 01:30:06,008
...in a fair and honorable manner.

1214
01:30:07,082 --> 01:30:11,018
Destiny is not a matter of fate.

1215
01:30:11,653 --> 01:30:14,213
It's a matter of choice.

1216
01:30:14,656 --> 01:30:18,319
And we have some choices
to be made here.

1217
01:30:19,094 --> 01:30:25,590
We have the choice of continuing to survive
on this planet as Indian people.

1218
01:30:26,101 --> 01:30:29,229
That's our goal,
and we're gonna accomplish that.

1219
01:30:29,404 --> 01:30:31,565
We're gonna be here...

1220
01:30:32,107 --> 01:30:34,940
...for many, many years to come.

1221
01:30:55,597 --> 01:30:59,863
Tall oak of the Narragansett nation said
it was his destiny...

1222
01:31:00,034 --> 01:31:04,164
...perhaps that of all native people,
to be the conscience of America...

1223
01:31:04,339 --> 01:31:08,639
...to see that the tragedy of the past
would never be repeated.

1224
01:31:08,810 --> 01:31:13,372
Hopefully, now that we've had a glimpse
of the other side of the American story...

1225
01:31:13,548 --> 01:31:17,541
...we too can be a part
of that collective conscience.

1226
01:31:17,952 --> 01:31:20,386
Thank you for joining us.

1227
01:34:10,458 --> 01:34:12,449
Subrip by Tantico, Croatia
(03.2012)